University:
University of Wolverhampton
Course:
4PY019 | Pharmacy
Academic year:

2024
Views:

419

Pages:

3
Author:

Sara

Pathogens organisms that can cause disease Pathogenicity ability to cause disease Virulence Relative measure of disease causing potential between closely related strands Virulence factors Pathogens derived substances that add to virulence Antibiotic a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe Types of transmission direct contact, indirect, droplet, airborne, bloodborne adaptations improving colonisation adherence mechanisms active removal of musco-cilliary escalator Resistance to immune attack Defensive mechanisms Resistance Blocking layers Grow within immune system Undetectable/ camouflage offensive mechanisms interference with immune response obligate pathogen cannot survive alone but always causes disease viral structure genome, capsid, envelope Viral Replication attachment, penetration, replication and synthesis, assembly, release life cycle of plasmodium falciparum in mosquito Bites a person with malaria Males and female gametes blood enter gut where zygotes are formed The zygote develops into a oocyst in the walls of the gut Sporozites are formed within the oocyst rupturing it Sporotzites are released and some go to salivary gland 1/3 life cycle of plasmodium falciparum in man Bitten by mosquito with sporozites Sporozites reach liver hepatocytes then produce merozites within the hepatocytes Hepatocytes rupture releasing merozites which enter RBC and destroy them Some RBC become gametes Symptoms of malaria fever, chills and haemoglobin in urine Pathophysiology the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body Direct host pathogen interactions production of offensive virulence factors secreted chemical mediators Indirect host pathogen interaction Immune response leading to inflammation effector proteins and degradative enzymes Lead to disease when released into extracellular environment Exotoxins secreted by bacteria Endotoxins components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria Invasins Non toxic enzymes that promote spread of bacteria into tissues Super antigenic exotoxins exert affects through interaction with immune response leading to toxin shock syndrome Toxin shock syndrome Toxins produced by staphy aureus activate Thelper cells which make cytokines. When over stimulated this leads to over production of cytokines Sporadic disease Disease that occurs occasionally and at random intervals in a population. Outbreak A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease Epidemic A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease. 2/3 Pandemic worldwide epidemic Mortality rate number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time Morbidity rate number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period incidende Number of new cases in a set population and time 3/3