University:
University of Wolverhampton
Course:
4PY019 | Pharmacy
Academic year:

2024
Views:

306

Pages:

2
Author:

Sara

What is organic synthesis - constructions of organic molecules, into other molecules via organic reaction What is electronegativity Power of an atom in a molecule to attract the electrons to itself - no difference: no charge therefore non-pilar covalent bond - difference of 0.4 and less: no charge therefore non-polar covalent bond - difference of 0.5 and above: partially Explain the differences in electronegativcharged therefore polar covalent bond ity and the resulting polarity - difference of 2.1 and above: no longer covalent as electrons have been permanently transferred to the atom with greater electronegativity. It is now an ionic bind What is a dipole moment Any time charge is not evenly distributed within a bond. q= charge and r=distance between charges. - q x r = dipole moment - the larger the difference in electronegativity, the larger the dipole moment - if a molecule is linear e.g o=c=o the vectors will cancel out so there will be no dipole What are intermolecular forces Forces between molecules - dipole-dipole interaction - hydrogen binding - Van der Waals' forces Explain dipole dipole interactions - Two polar molecules which attract. - there is an electrostatic attraction between the partially positive charges and the partially negative charges Explain hydrogen bonding - the partially positively charged hydrogen molecules on water binds to the lone pair of electrons on a neighbouring molecule containing O, N, F atoms 1/2 explain van der waals forces What are nucleophiles What are electrophiles What is a leaving group - electrons of atoms in molecules are orbiting the nucleus in a rapid motion and at any one time they may be distributed more on one side than the one - another molecules approaching this side of the molecule will have its electrons repelled. - this creates a temporary or induced dipole - the electrons are in continuous movement so the dipoles keep shifting - this creates an attraction between all atoms in close proximity - the attraction/forces are van der waals - nucleus loving - has a region of high electron density - has either a partial or full negative charge - fully negatively charged (anion) will be a better nucleophile than the partially charged molecule - electron loving - has a region of low electron density - has either a partial or full positive charge - full positively charged (cation) will be better electrophiles than the partially positively charged molecule what is kicked off when the nucleophile attacks, definied by its stability alone or in solution. usually a weaker base What's a spectator ion Ions that are present during the reaction but are unchanged by the reaction What are transition states - point in reactions at which binds are in the process of breaking and it forming - transition state is the point of highest energy 2/2