University:
University of Wolverhampton
Course:
4PY019 | Pharmacy
Academic year:

2024
Views:

112

Pages:

3
Author:

Sara

Human anatomy The study of the structure and form of the human body, including the organs and systems within it. Human physiology The study of the body's functions, including how different systems work together to maintain homeostasis. Metabolism The chemical reactions that occur in the body to convert food into energy and build and repair body tissues. Anabolism The process of building up or synthesizing molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, essential for growth and repair. Catabolism The process of breaking down complex molecules into simple molecules, releasing energy that can be used by the body. Excretion The elimination of potentially harmful waste products created by metabolism, including urine, carbon dioxide, and sweat. Chemical level The smallest level of structural organization, encompassing atoms and molecules that form the basis of all biological processes. Cellular level Formed by groups of molecules combined in specific ways to create the basic unit of life, the cell. Tissue level The cooperation of two or more cell types to perform a common function, forming the building blocks of organs and systems. Extracellular matrix The material surrounding cells in a tissue, providing structural support and biochemical signaling essential for tissue function. 1/3 Organ level Consists of two or more tissue types, with a recognizable shape and performing a specialized task, such as the heart or liver. Organ system level The grouping of the body's organs to carry out a broad function, such as the digestive system or the nervous system. Organism level The functioning of organ systems together to make up the working human body, maintaining life and health. Gross anatomy The examination of structures visible to the unaided eye, including organs, muscles, and bones. Microscopic anatomy The study of structures visible only with the aid of a microscope, including cells and tissues. Histology The study of tissues in microscopic anatomy, including their structure, function, and composition. Cytology The study of cells in microscopic anatomy, including their structure, function, and interactions. Homeostasis The maintenance of the internal environment within a narrow range, essential for the body to function properly. Negative feedback loops Mechanisms that oppose initial change in a regulated variable, reducing output and returning the variable to its normal value, maintaining stability. Positive feedback loops Mechanisms where effector activity increases and reinforces the initial stimulus, shutting off when conditions return to the normal range, amplifying responses. Gradient The presence of more of something in one area than another, creating a 2/3 potential energy difference that drives processes like diffusion and filtration. Cell-Cell Communication The coordination of body functions through chemical messengers or electrical signals triggering responses between cells, essential for maintaining homeostasis and coordinating bodily functions. 3/3