Liver Anatomy and Functions

1. how much of 13% the body's blood supply does the liver hold 2. where is the liver in the right upper quadrant located 3. name the four right, left, caudate, and quadrate lobes of the liver 4. what is the porta Fissure running transversely on the underside of the liver hepatis/ hilum where liver vessels enter/exit 5. what is a Hepatic Anatomic liver unit with hepatocytes and central vein lobule 6. structure of the hepatic lobule A hexagon-like with central vein and the hepatocytes form radiating cords from the central vein 7. Bile canaliculi Thin tubes receiving bile from hepatocytes. The bile canaliculi eventually merge and form bile ductules. 8. liver functions •Metabolism/Catabolism (break-down) of toxins, nutrients, alcohol, drugs, hormones •Carbohydrate metabolism (Glucose Ì Glycogen) •Lipid metabolism (Phospholipids, Cholesterol) •Protein metabolism •Synthesis of plasma proteins (such as Albumin, Prothrombin, Fibrinogen) •Urea formation (old proteins -> amino acids -> urea) •Storage of vitamins and minerals •Breaking down erythrocytes (bilirubin clearance) •Producing bile 1/5 9. In addition to •Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid bilirubin what •Secreted as taurine and glycine conjugates does the liver se- •10-20% are deconjugated in ileum crete 10. Cholic acid Bile acid derived from cholesterol 11. functions of hepatic bile •1) elimination of water-insoluble bilirubin, excess cholesterol and xenobiotics •2) Emulsification of dietary fat in gut lumen 12. Kupffer cells Liver macrophages aiding in immune response (liver protection and phagocytosis) and metabolism (of proteins lipids , small particles) 13. where are kupffer within the lumen of the liver sinusoids cells localized 14. hepatic injury 15. Steatosis Lipid accumulation in liver cells 16. what does steatosis indicate defect in lipid metabolism , lipoprotein synthesis ,unusual amounts of adipose or dietary lipids brought to liver 17. Organochlorine pesticides Synthetic pesticides like DDT and HCH 18. Hepatocyte swelling is a result of membrane damage or mitochondrial defects causing cell influx. or by damage to cytoskeleton, leading to loss of cell shape. 19. necrosis liver cell death 20. •poorly staining mummified hepatocytes 2/5 Coagulative necrosis: 21. councilman bod- dead hepatocytes ies 22. lytic necrosis hepatocytes swell and rupture 23. another name for Acetaminophen Paracetamol 24. Acetaminophen / 150mg/kg paracetamol lethal dose 25. paracetamol acute liver failure overdose is one of the leading causes of 26. NAPQI Metabolite causing liver damage to cellular membranes and mitochondrial dysfunction by protein binding and GSH depletion 27. Glutathione Tripeptide antioxidant aiding in •Detoxifying xenobiotics •Antioxidant cofactor •Cell proliferation •Apoptosis •Immune function •Fibrogenesis 28. paracetamol toxicity phases 29. Fibrogenesis Process of liver fibrosis development 30. Antidote for paracetamol overdose absorption 3/5 Activated charcoal 31. N-acetylcysteine Antidote for acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdose 32. Jaundice Yellowish discoloration due to bilirubin retention (> 2 mg/dl) 33. bilirubin Equilib- Caused by excessive bilirubin production or impaired rium disruption clearance 34. what is amoxicillin- clavulanate used for to treat certain infections caused by bacteria 35. Amoxicillin-clavu- severe jaundice, liver injury, more common in men lanate causes... 36. Cholestasis Bile accumulation due to hepatocellular dysfunction or biliary obstruction (retention of bilirubin and other solutes eliminated in bile) 37. Bile duct prolifer- Result of biliary tree obstruction in cholestasis ation 38. cholangiocytes are population of epithelial cells that line a three-dimensional network of bile ducts known as the biliary tree. 39. Cholangiocytes damage Occurs in cholestasis leading to bile lakes and fibrosis 40. Cirrhosis End-stage liver disease 41. 3 forms of al1) Hepatic steatosis coholic liver dis- 2) Alcoholic hepatitis ease 3) Alcoholic cirrhosis 42. Liver cell adeno- non cancerous tumor ma 4/5 43. Liver cell adenoma shown to have links with anabolic steroids and women with a history with the oral contraceptive pill 44. Hepatocellular carcinoma Most common primary liver cancer 45. Cholangiocarci- Cancer in bile ducts noma 46. Liver angiosarcoma Cancer that forms in the lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels. 47. Hepatic failure is massive hepatic destruction, loss of 80-90% functional due to capacity 48. •Tests of hepato- •ASL (SGOT) cyte integrity •ALT (SGPT) •LDH 49. •Tests of biliary excretory function •Serum Bilirubin •Alkaline phosphatase •Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidas 50. •Tests of hepato- •Albumin cyte function •Prothrombine time •Ammonia •Aminopyrine breath test; galactose elimination 51. Liver biopsy Procedure to analyze liver tissue for diseases like cirrhosis 5/5