Physiology and Histology

cells that produce melanin Melanocytes Pigment carrying granules that produce melanin, a complex protein. Melanosomes A pigment that gives the skin its color Melanin epithelial cells photoreceptor cells skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs Cells that line the back of the retina and have parts that change shape when they are hit with a photon, allowing them to detect light in a certain part of the visual field. Humans have two main types, rods and cones, and there are three different subtypes of cones. 1 / 15 red blood/white blood cell/platelet platelets help the blood clot to help with wounds or infections white blood cells are part of our immune system to fight infections red blood cells are in our circulatory stores fats, cytoplasm and nucleus smashed around the edge of the cell adipose (fat) cells Small and tapered Can divide and regenerate smooth muscle cells A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts connective tissue 2 / 15 gives smoothness and contour to the body adipose tissue A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out epithelial tissue A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. muscle tissue a body tissue that carries messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body nerve tissue fast cell communication, sends impulses through nervous system nerve cells 3 / 15 male reproductive cell sperm cell female reproductive cell Ovum (egg cell) Mitosis cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only Centrioles the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Metabolism integumentary system ORGANS: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, (appendages associated glands, hair, nails) 4 / 15 ORGANS: Bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons skeletal system ORGANS: Skeleton, smooth, and cardiac muscle muscular system ORGANS: Mainly brain and spinal cord, but branch off to the rest of the body nervous system circulatory system ORGANS: the heart 5 / 15 bone marrow, spleen, thymus, tonsils, mucous membranes, and skin immune/lymphatic system hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, and pancreas endocrine system ORGANS: the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina for women reproductive system ORGANS: The lungs, nose, trachea, breathing muscles 6 / 15 respiratory system ORGANS: mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus digestive system ORGANS: kidneys, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder, skin, liver, intestine and lungs. excretory system Hydroplipidic hydrolipidic film is an oil-water balance that protects the skin's surface Abbreviated TEWL; water loss caused by evaporation on the skin's surface. transepidermal water loss Barrier function Protective barrier of the epidermis; the corneum and intercellular matrix protect the surface from irritation and dehydration. 7 / 15 Lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation. Intercellular matrix In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers. Fibroblasts Abbreviated EGF; stimulates cells to reproduce and heal. epidermal growth factor Openings that allow sweat to reach the surface Pores follicles Hair follicles and sebaceous follicles are tube-like openings in the epidermis. 8 / 15 glands that secrete sweat to the outside of the body; also assist in body temperature regulation sudoriferous glands An involuntary muscle fiber attached to the underside & base of the hair follicle arrector pili muscle oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands sebum sebaceous glands secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis 9 / 15 A water-binding substance between the fibers of the dermis. Glycosaminoglycans Collagen structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue Elastin vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes lymph vessels Hylaronic acid Hydrating fluids found in the skin; hydrophilic agent with water-binding properties. 10 / 15 hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails Keratin contain a water-resistant glycolipid that is spewed into the extracellular space lamellar granules Langerhans cells special macrophages that serve as antigen-presenting cells in the skin Another name for a stratum corneum cell. Hardened, waterproof, protective keratinocytes; these "dead" protein cells are dried out and lack nuclei. Corneocytes The enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and thus produces melanin. 11 / 15 Tyrosinase bilayers a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells. Produces yellow to red pigments in the hair Pheomelanin Produces brown to black pigments in the hair Eumelanin the other type of sweat gland, which are larger than eccrine glands and produce fatty acids and proteins Aprocrine glands eccrine glands glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body 12 / 15 Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body. T cells white blood cells, fight infection Leukocytes Glycolipid materials that are a natural part of skin's intercellular matrix and barrier function. Ceramides UVA radiation Also known as aging rays; longer wavelengths ranging between 320 to 400 nanometers that penetrate deeper into the skin than UVB; cause genetic damage and cell death. UVA contributes up to 95 percent of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. 13 / 15 UVB radiation Glycation Also known as burning rays; UVB wavelengths range between 290 to 320 nanometers. UVB rays have shorter, burning wavelengths that are stronger and more damaging than UVA rays. UVB causes burning of the skin as well as tanning, skin aging, and cancer. Caused by an elevation in blood sugar, glycation is the binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures, known as Advanced Glycation End products( a.k.a. AGES). Glycation alters protein structures and decreases biological activity. Distended capillaries caused by weakening of the capillary walls. Couperose high energy visible light abbreviated as HEV; light emitting from electronic devices, reported to penetrate the skin more deeply than UV rays; damages collagen, hyaluronic acid, and elastin 14 / 15 skin lesion due to permanently enlarged and dilated blood vessels that are visible Telangiectasia Chronic skin disorder of the face with red inflamed areas appearing mostly on the nose and cheeks Rosacea 15 / 15