Drug Discovery Overview

Routes of Medicine Administration Various ways drugs can be administered (e.g., inhaled, topical, IV) BCS Classification Groups compounds based on solubility and permeability (class 1, 2, 3, 4) ADME Describes drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion Oral Bioavailability Extent to which a dose reaches systemic circulation Biopharmaceutics Study of drug properties related to onset, duration, and intensity of action Parenteral Formulations Dosage forms for injection or infusion outside the digestive tract Excipients Inactive substances in a drug formulation aiding in delivery or stability Inhalation Formulations Drugs administered through inhalation devices to reach the lungs Particle Size Distribution Size of particles affecting drug deposition in the lungs Dry Powder Inhalers Devices delivering medication in powder form for inhalation Sterility Absence of living microorganisms in a drug formulation Tonity Osmotic pressure or concentration of a solution Viscosity Resistance to flow in a liquid drug formulation Aerodynamic Properties Properties affecting the movement of particles in the air Pharmacodynamics (PD) Study of drug effects on the body over time Baseline Formulation Original drug formulation used as a reference for comparison 1/3 Reconstitution Process of mixing a drug with a solvent to prepare for administration Microbiology Study of microorganisms and their effects on drug formulations Buffering Capacity Ability of a solution to resist changes in pH upon addition of acid or base Syringeability Ease of withdrawing a drug solution into a syringe for administration Hemolysis Destruction of red blood cells due to drug formulation components NCEs New Chemical Entities, referring to novel drug compounds Ligand Molecule that binds to a receptor in drug targeting Oligonucleotide-based Medicines Drugs based on short DNA or RNA sequences for therapeutic purposes AAV Virus used to encapsulate genes for gene therapy Gene Therapy Process where AAV releases gene into cell to express proteins Prodrug Inactive compound converted to active drug in the body Tissue-specific Promoter Promoter that initiates gene expression in specific tissues Differential Targeting Selective delivery of therapy to specific targets Nanoparticles Programmable particles for targeted drug delivery Solubilized Formulation Enhancing drug solubility for better bioavailability Dissolution Testing Assessing drug dissolution as a surrogate for human studies Enterocyte Intestinal cell involved in drug absorption 2/3 Permeation Process of drug passing through cells or membranes Active Transport Energy-dependent movement of drugs across membranes Formulation Technology Methods to improve drug formulation for better pharmacokinetics Particle Size Reduction Decreasing particle size to enhance drug dissolution API Salts Chemical forms of drugs to enhance solubility Recrystallization Process of forming new drug crystals for better bioavailability Amorphous APIs Drug forms with higher solubility and dissolution rates Sonoprecipitation Method to create nanoparticles using ultrasonic waves Prodrugs Modified compounds converted to active drugs in the body Medicinal Chemistry Chemical synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds GMP Synthesis Manufacturing drugs under Good Manufacturing Practices Impurity Synthesis Creating impurities for drug testing and quality control Structural Design Designing drug molecules for optimal delivery properties Pharmacology TAP Tool to understand drug delivery requirements 3/3