Immunology Educational Materials

What can antibiotics treat? bacterial infections What can vaccines treat? viruses Define what a pathogen is? An organism that causes disease to the host cell. Define antigen Protein or polysaccharide found on the surface of a pathogen What are the 2 types of bacteria? gram positive and gram negative What is gram negative bacteria? outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane What is gram positive bacteria? Gram-positive bacteria are a type of bacteria that have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall When viruses mutate they loose their strength why? Due to the genetic material changing What is bacterial cell division called? binary fission Each daughter call is a clone of a parent cell What are some benefits of bacteria? Food production Antibiotic production Fertilisation Trigger immune responses against infections Why is bone marrow essential for immune system development? Because RBC and WBC are made in the bone marrow. The skin acts as a physical barrier, preventing pathogens from entering the body. Mucous membranes in the respiHow do physical barriers in the body proratory, digestive, and urinary tracts also tect us from pathogens? serve as barriers and produce mucus, which traps pathogens and prevents them from spreading. Opsonization is the process by which opsonins coat the surface of antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, making them 1/6 more recognizable to phagocytes. This coating facilitates the binding of the antiWhat is the role of opsonin's and opsongen to receptors on the surface of phagoisation in the immune response? cytes, which then engulf and destroy the marked antigen. MAC inserts itself into the lipid bilayer of the target cell's membrane. It forms a transmembrane channel or pore that disrupts the integrity of the membrane.The The membrane attack complex (MAC) formation of pores by the MAC leads to is a key component of the immune sys- the unregulated influx of ions and water tem's defence mechanism WHY? into the target cell, causing osmotic imbalance, cell swelling, and ultimately, cell lysis (bursting). This destruction of the target cell helps to eliminate pathogens and infected cells from the body. What are APC's antigen presenting cells- engulf antigens and put pieces of them on the outside so the T cell can attack. What are the 5 types of White blood cells in the immune response? Monocytes Lymphocytes Neutrophills Lympohocytes What is the role of neutrophils ? They attract foreign antigens and engulf and destroy them (phagocytosis). Monocytes: immature cells for the first What are monocytes and what are there 24 hours, then become macrophages (in tissues) which engulf bacteria, dead cells roles? and debris What are 2 types of lymphocytes? T cells and B cells Which of the following statements accurately describes cytokinesis? a) Cytokinesis is the process by which DNA is replicated in the cell. b) Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division, where the cytoplasm is divided 2/6 into two daughter cells. c) Cytokinesis is the movement of chro- b) Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell mosomes to opposite poles of the cell. division, where the cytoplasm is divided d) Cytokinesis is the process of cell sig- into two daughter cells. naling during cell division. The significance of cytokinesis in the immune response lies in its role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue repair. During an immune response, cytokinesis facilitates the rapid proliferation of immune cells such as lymphocytes, Discuss the significance of cytokinesis in enabling an increase in their numbers to the immune response. Provide examples combat pathogens. Additionally, cytokiof how cytokinesis contributes to the pronesis is essential for the differentiation liferation and differentiation of immune of precursor cells into effector cells like cells during an immune response. cytotoxic T cells and plasma cells, which are crucial for eliminating pathogens. Furthermore, cytokinesis contributes to tissue repair and healing by dividing cells involved in wound healing, aiding in the restoration of tissue integrity. What triggers the inflammatory response in the immune system? a) Presence of A the presence of pathogens triggers the pathogens or tissue damage b) Release immune system inflammatory response of antibodies c) Activation of T cells d) Breakdown of red blood cells In phagocytosis what are the 2 main cells. Neutrophils and macrophages What does engulfment in phagocytosis form Phagosome Phagolysosome the lysosome will rewhat doe the fusing of the lysosome and lease enzymes to kill and digest the microbe. Any indigestible material removed phagosome make? thru exocytosis. What is inflammation? non specific healing and defence mechanism by the body to tissue damage or infection 3/6 What are the 4 KEY RESPONSES OF THE INFLAMMATORY SYSTEM? 1- Recognition 2- recruitment 3- removal 4- repair Explain step 1 recognition Recognition of a threat occurs when immune cells, such as macrophages or mast cells, detect molecules associated with pathogens or tissue damage, known as PAMPS or DAMPS. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells recognize these patterns. Activation of PRRs triggers signaling pathways within the immune cells, leading to the production and release of inflammatory mediators Explain step 2 recognition In response to inflammatory mediators released at the site of injury or infection, blood vessels dilate and become more permeable. This increased vascular permeability allows immune cells and plasma proteins to exit the bloodstream and migrate towards the affected tissue. Chemokines released by immune cells help to guide leukocytes (white blood cells) to the site of inflammation. Explain step 3 Removal Upon reaching the site of inflammation, immune cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, work to remove the threat. Neutrophils are highly phagocytic and engulf pathogens and cellular debris through a process called phagocytosis. They also release antimicrobial substances to kill pathogens. Macrophages play a key role in phagocytosis and also contribute to the resolution of inflammation by removing dead cells 4/6 and debris. In some cases, other immune cells, such as eosinophils and mast cells, may also participate in the removal of pathogens or foreign substances. Explain step 4 repair Fibroblasts migrate to the site of injury and produce collagen and other extracellular matrix components, forming granulation tissue. Angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) occurs to supply nutrients and oxygen to the healing tissue. Macrophages and other immune cells help to clear debris and promote tissue remodelling. How does ADAPTIVE IMMUNOLOGY work? the adaptive immunity is activated by exposure to pathogens, and uses an immunological memory to learn and recognise the threat to react the right way. What are the 2 types of adaptive immunology? Humoral cell mediated what are antigens Proteins on the pathogen that trigger an immune response What do T cells bind to antigen presenting cells What happens after T cells bind to APC's? Upon recognition of antigen-MHC complexes, T cells become activated and undergo clonal expansion, multiplying into a population of effector T cells. What are the 2 types of T cells T-helper cells T-killer cells What do T helper cells release and what Cytokines- move other cells into action does this released substance do? Where do T cells mature Where do B cells mature T cells: thymus B cells: bone marrow What do B cells do 5/6 Make antibodies for the pathogen we are trying to fight off Where does humoral response occur blood What system takes care of cells that have already been infected? Cell mediated response This is where t Killer cells will neutralise the infected cell Memory T cells will be made for the future attacks Explain step 3 Removal What is inflammation? what doe the fusing of the lysosome and phagosome make? What does engulphment in phagocytosis form 6/6 Phagosome