Vaccines and Immunology

passive immunity Results from the transfer of antibodies to an individual. passive this type of immunity is rapid but temporary passive natural immunity antibodies passed from a mother to an infant- either across the placenta or in breast milk passive artificial immunity antibodies collected from donors who have had a response and made the antibodies -given IV VariZIG post exposure prophylaxis for those who have been exposed to varicella but cannot be given the vaccine and are not already immune (pregnant immune, immunocompromised, newborns) passive artificial immunity VariZIG is what type of immunity? Rh-. Rh+ RhoGAM: for Rh incompatibility- _____ mother with ____ fetus passive artificial immunity RhoGAM, RIG, TIG are all what type of immunity? in passive immunity, sometimes antibodies are made in a lab instead of taken from donors- in these cases they are called monoclonal antibodies and identified with ____mab monoclonal antibody zinplava (benzlotoxumab) is used to treat C diff infx with an antibiotic this is known as a active immunity introduction of an antigen into an individual -involves the activation of naive B and T cells active immunity this type of immune response is long-lasting 1/5 natural active immunity infection: a person becomes exposed to a pathogen through natural circumstances --> memory cells --> immunity artificial active immunity vaccinationL intentionally exposing the person to a pathogen with the intention of creating an immune response -- memory cells ---> immunity attenuated live vaccine -utilizes live _____ organisms that have been made non-pathogenic -utilizes pathogens that are not pathogenic to humans to deliver antigens whole inactive vaccine -utilizes __ organisms or parts of the organism live what type of vaccine cannot be given to immunocompromised? intracellular, one live attenuated -develop humoral and cell-mediated immunity -effective for _________ pathogens -effective with ____ dose(s) -potential to revert to pathogenic form viral live attenuated vaccines are good for 12 months live attenuated vaccines are not given until live reassortant combination of human and non human viruses together -ex: RotaTeq live recombinant inserting the genes of interest form the pathogen into a non-pathogenic organism -HBV, shingrex, HPV, meningicoccal humoral inactivated vaccine develop only ___ response and requires multiple doses 2/5 whole dead cell inactivated ______ vaccine -IPV, Hep A, rabies, cholera, plague toxoid inactivated toxin used in a vaccine -only bacterial toxoid tetanus and diptheria are a subunit contains specific antigenic protein(s) but not whole organism subunit pertussis is a conjugate links a poorly-immunogenic portion of the pathogen to an unrelated protein to make it more immunogenic -pneumococcal, meningicoccal, Hib conjugate bacterial capsular polysaccharides are common examples of IgG conjugates illicit a ____ response pure polysaccharide immunity is not consistently established in children under 2 yo -no booster response -PPSV23, Salmonella Typhi IgM pure polysaccharide illicits a ___ response inactivated DNA cutting and inserting DNA pieces into a plasmids -"infecting" bacteria with the plasmid which then replicates in the bacteria -purify the plasmid to use in the vaccine -ex: Japanese encephalitis virus vax DCs, memory cells, TH Inactivated RNA -mRNA for a protein that would be recognized by antibodies is injected into the tissues -mRNA is taken up by ____ and translated into protein -the protein is processed and presented to T cells via MHC molecules to develop 3/5 _______ -B cells take up mRNA, make and process the protien and present it to the ___ cells which allows production of memory B cells replacement therapy immunotherapy that alleviates sx but no cure -does little to slow the progression of the dz replacement therapy synthetic hormones for Hashimoto's and insulin for IDDM are immunosuppressive therapy immunotherapy that negatively regulates the immune system to halt or retard the normal response -tend to be more global, leaving the individual more susceptible to infections T cells, organ transplant, arthritis Cyclosporine, FK506 and Orencia -blocks the activation of _____ -Cyclosporine, FK506: commonly used after _____ -Orencia: used for Humira and Remicade binds the patient's endogenous TNF-±binds to cell's TNF-±receptors Stelars and Tremfya bind to IL-23 which helps to activate T cells so T cells don't become activated -prevents the T cells from producing IL-17 which is pro-inflammatory cytokine cosentyx binds to IL-17 and prevents this pro-inflammatory cytokine from binding to the IL-17 R Enbrel soluble TNF-±receptors bind to endogenous TNG-±to keep the cytokine from binding its cell-bound receptors actemra binds to IL-6 receptors, blocking IL-6 from binding 4/5 depletion therapies remove certain types of cells involved in dz -rituximab binds to CD20 on B cells which targets B cells for opsonizaition/removal -tx for B cell lymphoma checkpoint inhibitors class of drugs that prevents the immune system from shutting off -used in cancer tx CTLA-4 and PD-L1 the most common targets of checkpoint inhibitor drugs CTLA-4 inhibits T cell activation and shuts down T cell activity 5/5