Renal System Study Resources

1. What is urine pro- Kidneys duced by? 2. What can be - Colour (dark yellow, pale straw, red or black). studied in urinal- - Clarity/Turbidity (clear, cloudy or turbid) ysis? - Foam in urine - Smell 3. What is the renal/urinaty system composed of? - Kidneys - Ureters - Bladder - Urethra 4. Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left? Due to the liver 5. What do the renal Supply blood to the kidneys arteries do? 6. What do the renal Drain blood from the kidneys veins do? 7. What is the most Homeostatic regulation of the water and ion concentration important func- in the blood. tion of the kidney? 8. What other roles do the kidneys perform? (Very Clever Pigeons Migrate East E) Volume - regulates of circulatory volume and blood pressure Concentration - regulate blood ionic balance PH - regulate blood pH Metabolic - Gluconeogenesis, Glycogensis, Glycogenolysis and Vitamin D synthesis Excretory - excrete waste (urea and detaining), water soluble drugs and toxins Endocrine - produces hormones like renin 9. 1/8 Where are the Between the peritoneum and the posterior muscular wall kidneys located? of the abdomen 10. The kidney is an- the 11th and 12th ribs (floating ribs). terior to... 11. What shape are the kidneys? Convex lateral surface with a concave medial surface (like a bean) 12. Where is the renal helium? The vertical cleft in the concave medial surface 13. What is hilium? A hollow here blood vessels, nerves etc can enter and/or leave 14. What are the 3 re- 1. Renal cortex (superficial) gions of the kid- 2. Renal medulla (middle) ney? 3. Renal pelvis (inner) 15. What are nephrons? Kidney's functional units 16. Where are 80% In the cortex (cortical nephrons) of the nephrons found? 17. Where are 20% of Medulla (juxtamedullary nephrons) nephrons found? 18. How many litres 180 litres of fluid enter the nephrons each day? 19. What does the re- Filters blood nal cortex do? 20. What does the re- Processes 'ultrafiltrate' nal medulla do? 2/8 21. What does the re- Collects urine and drains into the ureter nal pelvis do? 22. What does ultra- Fluid that a nephron works one that becomes urine at the filtrate mean? end of a collecting duct 23. What does the glomerulus do? Filters small substances like amino acids, glucose, urea etc 24. Where does se- Proximal and Distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle and lective reabsorp- collecting duct tion occur in the kidneys? 25. Where does se- At the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and collectcretion happen in ing duct. the kidneys? 26. Where do collect- The calyxes and then the renal pelvis ing ducts drain towards? 27. What is the glomerular corpuscle? Network of capillaries balled up and surrounded by the cup-like Bowman's capsule. 28. What is the glomerular corpuscle the site of? Primary filtration 29. What are the 3 - Fenestrated endothelium (barrier to cells) layered system - Connective tissue (Barrier to proteins) of glomerular fil- - Podocyte foot processes (barrier to cells) tration? 30. How much urine 1.5-1.7 litres do the kidneys produce each day? 3/8 31. Why is lots of mi- Energy is needed to reabsorb substances against gradient tochondria found in the cells that form the proximal convoluted tubule? 32. How is glutamine converted to glucose in the reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tube? Glutamine is converted to glutamate (eliminates NH4+). Glutamate is converted to Oxoglutarate (eliminates NH4+). Oxoglutarate is converted to glucose. 33. What is Furosemide? A diuretic drug 34. What is a diuret- Increases volume of urine ic? 35. Where does Furosemide exert its action? In the ascending part of the Loop of Henle by blocking salt reabsorption (inhibits NKCC2 (sodium, potassium and chlorine) co-transporter) 36. What determines Reabsorption and Secretion the amount of urine that is formed? 37. Where is glucose Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbed? 38. What stops filThe pores of the fenestrated endothelium are not big tration of blood enough cells through the glomerulus? 39. What is Thiazide? A diuretic 4/8 40. What is the mechanism of Thiazides? Inhibition of salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted valve (inhibits NCC - (sodium and chlorine) symporter) 41. What is the drug A diuretic Amiloride? 42. What is the mechanism of the drug Amiloride? Inhibits epithelial sodium channel in the collecting duct 43. Why are Because they have low levels of potassium loss Amiloride and Thiazides considered good diuretics? 44. When is water re- Only when stimulated by anti-diuretic hormones (ADH) absorbed in the collecting tube of the nephron? 45. What is renin? An enzyme in the kidney 46. What does renin Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I do? 47. What does the converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II angiotensin converting enzyme do? 48. What type of fat covers the kidneys? Perirenal fat 49. What ribs protect 11th and 12th ribs (floating ribs) protect the kidneys but the kidney? the protection is limited 5/8 50. What happens if The kidneys remove H+ and conserve bicarbonate ions the plasma flu- (HCO3-) which act as a buffer id becomes to acidic? 51. What happens if Kidneys remove HCO3- and conserve H+ the plasma fluid becomes to alkaline? 52. What is the renal Cup like structure that collects fluid from the renal pyrapapilla? mids 53. What are renal pyramids? Masses of tissue in the medulla 54. When is renin re- 1. Drop in BP in afferent arteriole (detected by barorecepleased? (3) tors) 2. Na+ levels drop 3. Sympathetic innervation activates juxtaglomerular cells 55. What is symLow blood pressure or flight or fight pathetic innervation? 56. What fluid does Urine the renal pyramid transfer? 57. Where are afRenal Cortex ferent arterioles found? 58. Where are juxta- Walls of afferent arterioles glomerular cells located? 59. What do juxtaRenin glomerular cells release? 6/8 60. What is angiotensin II? A generalised vasoconstrictor that cause smooth muscle cells to contract 61. What does anRelease of aldosterone from the adrenal glands in the giotensin II stim- cortex ulate? 62. How does angiotensin II activate vasopressin? It travels to the hypothalamus and stimulates it vasopressin which is release through the posterior pituitary gland 63. What does vaso- It's an anti-diuretic hormone that increases water reabpressin do? sorption 64. What does angiotensin in the hypothalamus cause? Increased thirst sensation 65. Where is urine stored in the body? Urinary bladder 66. Why does the So the urine can be released when it is at capacity stretch receptors in the bladder send signals to the CNS? 67. What should be found in urine? - 95% water - Low conc of Na+, Cl-, k+ - H, NH4+, HCO3- High conc of urea - Uric acid - Drugs, toxins 68. - Glucose (diabetes) - High levels of protein 7/8 What shouldn't be found in urine? - Bilrubin (liver disease) - RBC (kidney stones, carcinoma) - WBC (UTI) 8/8