Reproductive System Study Materials

1. - FSH leads to the development of follicles - however, 1 follicle develops quick + turns into Graafian follicle which releases oestrogen - as LH levels increase the Graafian follicle swell up + ruptures + then turn into the corpus luteum which releases progesterone + if ovulation/fertilisation doesn't occur it causes the endometrium to shred 2. 4 step fertilsiation brief: 1) capacitation = changes sperm to penetrate egg e.g. increasing motility 2) block polyspermy - only allow 1 sperm to penetrate + fertilise the egg 3) acrosomal reaction - sperm releases enzymes to help penetrate egg outer layer = zona pellucida 4) oocyte maturation = secondary oocyte being fertilised by sperm leading to formation of zygote - zygote then undergoes cell division to form embyro 3. What is an oocyte? immature egg cell 4. What is an ovum? mature egg cell 5. What do ovaries - produces oocytes do? - release progesterone - release oestrogrn 6. Describe the process of oogenesis up until fertilisation: 1) oogonia originate from primordial germ cells that undergo mitotic division 2) before birth some oogonia differentiate into primary oocytes 3) primary oocytes get arrested in prophase I in meiosis I until puberty 4) FSH stimulates follicle maturity around the oocyte 5) oocyte complete first stage of meiosis I + become secondary oocytes + small polar body 1/4 6) during metaphase II of meiosis II, secondary oocyte arrested + ovulated from ovaries 7. What happens - secondary oocyte completes meiosis II, to yield a mature to secondary ovum + another polar body oocytes if fertilisation occurs? 8. What happens the secondary oocyte remains arrested at metaphase II + to secondary eventually degenerates oocytes if fertilisation does not occur? 9. What does a primary follicle primordial follicle turn into? 10. What do granulosa cells do? help to nourish the oocyte 11. When do primary when puberty hits follicles start maturing into secondary follicles? 12. What hormone GnRH does the hypothalamus release once puberty has hit? 13. What does GnRH causes anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH do/ 14. What does LH bind to? receptors on theca cells on follicles 15. What does FSH bind to? granulosa cells on follicles 2/4 16. What does the stimulates theca + granulosa cells to produce oestrogen binding of LH + FSH cause the release of? 17. Why does capac- so the sperm moves towards the zona pellucida itation occur? 18. What are the cells inside a morula called? blastomeres 19. What does a zy- morula gote divide to form? 20. What does a a blastocyst morula turn into? 21. What is a blastulation process of a morula turning into a blastocyst called? 22. What does the trophoblast outer cell mast of a blastocyst differentiate into? 23. What does the in- embyroblast ner cell mast of a blastocyst differentiate into? 24. What does the bilaminar disk embyroblast differentiate into? 3/4 25. What is the bottom layer of the bilaminar disk called? hypoblast 26. What is the cavity primitive yolk sac below the bilaminar disk called? 27. What is the cavity amniotic cavity above the bilaminar disk called? 28. What happens they thicken in 1 area to become the primitive streak + to epiblast cells node during W3 of embyro cleavage? 29. What is the trilaminar disc bilaminar disk called once have migrated downwards? 30. Describe the tril- - ectoderm (used to be called epiblast) aminar disk from - mesoderm top to bottom: - endoderm 31. What is the gastrulation process of bilaminar disk becoming trilaminar disk called? 32. What does the notochord do? mesoderm to differentiate + triggers the ectoderm to start the neurulation process 4/4