From Gametes to Zygote: A Study of Human Reproduction

1. What is the cre- - when relaxed the testes drop master muscle - when contracted the testes lift up + what happens when it is relaxed + contracted? 2. What is the mus- dartos muscle cle surrounding the testes called? 3. What does the nutrients testicular artery provide to the arteries? 4. What do interstitial cells produce? testosterone 5. Together the - ABP hormone testosterone + - spermatogonium WHAT stimulate the sperm cells + what is this process called? 6. What type of cells does FSH make? - FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes - Sertoli cells play a crucial role in supporting + nourishing developing sperm cells (spermatogenesis) 7. What type of cells are made from LH? in males, LH stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone gonadotrophs 8. What are the cells in the hypothalamus called 1/4 that release LH + FSH? 9. State + explain 1) within the seminiferous tubules, spermatogonia stem the steps of sper- cells undergo mitosis to produce spermatogonia matogenesis: 2) spermatogonia they undergo series of mitotic divisions + differentiation into primary spermatocytes 3) primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to form secondary, which then undergo meiosis II to produce spermatids 4) spermatids undergo further maturation, including development of flagella to become spermatozoa (sperm cells) 10. What happens to spermatozoa are released into the lumen of the seminifthe sperm cells erous tubules + then move to the epididymis for further after spermato- maturation + storage until ejaculation genesis? 11. What pituitary anterior pituitary gland is stimulated to release gonadotropins? 12. What does ABP helps be less hydrophilic do to the sperm? 13. When does sper- puberty matogenesis begin? 14. What is oogen- egg cell esis the production of? 15. Before birth, mitosis to increase numb of primary oocytes oogonia undergo what + why: 16. When do prima- puberty ry oocytes stop 2/4 in meiosis I + until when: 17. The secondary fertilisation oocyte begins the second phase of meiosis but is stopped until when? 18. When FSH + LH stimulate granulosa + theca cells together forming OEbind after being STROGEN released from the anterior pituitary gland what does it produce? 19. What does OESTROGEN do? it causes the lining of the uterus to thicken + grow 20. Does the zone of YES pellucida provide structural support? 21. What happens to the zone of pellucida when fertilisation occurs? - the zona pellucida undergoes changes that prevent additional sperm from entering + fertilising the same egg - this process, known as the zona reaction - involves the hardening/modification of the zona pellucida - making it impermeable to other sperm 22. What does the - glycoproteins zone of pel- facilitate interaction between sperm + egg, promoting lucida contain fusion of sperm with egg membrane that helps sperm binding? 23. What happens - progesterone levels decline when fertilisation - leading to shedding of the uterine lining during menstrudoesn't occur? ation 3/4 24. Why do lots of the vagina is very acidic sperm die in the vagina after ejaculation? 25. What is formed a zygote once the sperm passes the zone of pellucida? 26. What is the cells morula called 4 days after fertilisation? 27. When does the - the zygote undergoes several rounds of cell division, blastocyst form + forming a hollow ball of cells = blastocyst what is it? - the blastocyst consists consists of an outer layer of cells = trophoblast + an inner cell mass 28. Where does the - the blastocyst travels through the fallopian tube + reachblastocyst travel es the uterus from + where to? - it begins to implant into the thickened uterine lining (endometrium) around 6-7 days after fertilisation 29. What hormone hcG - maintains corpus luteum does the blastocyst produce? 30. What is embryo cleavage? process of cell division that occurs in early stages of embryonic development 4/4