Reproductive System Educational Materials

1. What is seminal mix of fructose, alkaline pH, prostaglandins + sticky profluid? teins 2. What do primor- gametes dial germ cells become? 3. What are gonads? testes + ovaries 4. Describe the de- - primordial germ cells (PGC) accumulate in the yolk sac velopment of ga- (W4) metes: - during W4-6, the PGC start to migrate to the gonadal ridge - the PGC then start to differentiate into gametes 5. What is sperhypothalamus matogenesis regulated by? 6. Describe the hypothalamus role in spermatogenesis: 1) hypothalamus secretes GnRH 2) GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH + FSH 3) LH stimulates interstitial cells (lydig cells) in the testes to produce testosterone from cholesterol 4) FSH acts on Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules to support the process of spermatogenesis 7. Describe the 1) spermatogonia undergo mitosis + divide to produce process of sper- primary spermatocytes matogenesis: 2) primary spermatocytes under meiosis I to form secondary spermatocytes 3) secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to produce spermatids 4) spermatids undergo structural changes to become spermatozoa (sperm) 8. What do Sertoli cells do? provide nutrition + structural support to developing sperm cells 9. tight junctions to create blood-testis barrier 1/4 What do Sertoli cells form? 10. Why is a to isolate developing sperm from the bloodstream blood testis barrier needed? 11. What are the 4 processes required for fertilisation? 1) sperm capacitation 2) acrosomal reaction 3) block of polyspermy 4) oocyte maturation 12. What does secretes fluid which helps to lubricate the urethra + neuthe bulbourethral tralise any acidity gland do? 13. What is the ampulla? site of fertilisation 14. What do prostaglandins do in terms of fertilisation? promotes constriction of smooth muscle in uterine wall to help the movement of sperm 15. Why is the pH of the vagina acidic? to protect the reproductive tract from infections 16. Why does low pH kills sperm in vagina do to sperm? 17. When is embryo zygote undergoes rapid cell division to form a multicellular cleavage? embryo 18. Describe the process of embryo cleavage: 1) zygote divides via mitosis, initially forming blastomeres (2 cells), then 4, then 8 + so on 2) this results in a morula (a cluster of cells) 3) morula undergoes more division + forms a blastocyst which hatches from zona pellucida 2/4 4) blastocyst will consist of 2 main cell types = trophoblast (outer layer of cells) + embyroblast (inner cell mass) 5) trophoblast will eventually form the placenta + embyroblast will develop into the foetus 19. Define ectopic pregnancy implantation of the blastocyst in the abdominal wall, ovary of fallopian instead of the uterus 20. What are the - abdominal pain symptoms of ec- - vaginal bleeding topic pregnancy? 21. What is embryo implantation? blastocyst attaches itself to the uterus (endometrium) at the beginning of pregnancy 22. Why are women the urethra is shorter so bacteria is only have to travel more likely to get short distances UTIs? 23. Explain the 1) sperm is expelled from the epididymis into vas deferens process of sperm 2) vas deferens carries sperm to ejaculatory duct release: 3) ejaculatory duct passes through prostate gland 4) seminal vesicles + prostate gland secrete fluids that mix with sperm to form semen 5) bulbourethral gland secretes additional fluids to lubricate the urethra 6) bladder sphincter closes to stop urine mixing with semen 7) semen is expelled via ejaculation 24. Why does sperm for maturation + storage move to the epididymis? 25. What is vas def- duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejacuerens? latory duct 26. 3/4 What contracep- condoms - a physical barrier to prevent sperm from reachtion options are ing the egg open to men? vasectomy ... 4/4