Revision Quiz Biology Part II

1. Right ventricle: the chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the right atrium, pulmonary circulation + systemic circulation (+ pumps it into the pulmonary artery) 2. left atrium: the chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary circulation (receives oxygenated blood from the lungs) + pumps it into the LV 3. Semi lunar valves: valve located between left atrium + left ventricle that prevents the backflow of blood 4. Pericardium: a protective sac that surrounds + supports the heart 5. Myocardium: the middle layer of the heart wall composed of muscle cells responsible for the contraction of the heart 6. What is the cardiac cycle? the sequence of events that occur in 1 heartbeat, including the contraction + relaxation of the heart chambers 7. Arrhythmias: abnormal heart rhythms, including bradycardia (slow heart rate) + tachycardia (fast heart rate) 8. Myocardial infarction: - damage to the heart muscle caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries - commonly known as a heart attack 9. Atrioventricular node: a specialised area in the cardiac conduction system where the electrical activity of the heart starts 10. Atrial depolarisation: a wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) representing the contraction of the atria 11. Capillaries: 1/6 - tiny blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients + waste products occurs between the blood + tissues 12. Hydrostatic pressure: the pressure exerted by the contraction of the heart, which helps to push blood through the blood vessels 13. Osmotic pressure: the pressure exerted by plasma proteins, which helps to draw fluid back into the capillaries 14. Net pressure: the difference between the hydrostatic pressure + osmotic pressure, driving the movement of fluid between the capillaries + tissues 15. Lymphatic vessels: vessels that collect excess fluid from the capillaries + return it to the venous circulation, helping to maintain fluid balance 16. Lymphatic system: network of vessels that transport lymphatic fluid from tissues back to the bloodstream 17. Blood pressure: CO X total peripheral resistance (TPR) 18. Vasoconstriction: - narrowing of blood vessels - resulting in increased resistance to blood flow + increased blood pressure 19. Total Peripheral Resistance - the resistance to blood flow in the blood ves(TPR): sels - determined by factors such as the diameter of the blood vessels + viscosity of the blood 20. Hypotension: low blood pressure 21. The blood vessels that play arterioles the most important role in regulating blood pressure + flow to a tissue are: 2/6 22. Kidneys: major excretory organs that remove waste products from the body 23. Cortex: the outer layer of the kidney responsible for filtering blood 24. Medulla: the inner layer of the kidney that contains renal pyramids 25. Renal Pelvis: the part of the kidney that collects urine + drains it into the ureter 26. The Nephron: the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering plasma in the glomerulus 27. Selective reabsorption in Proximal Convoluted Tubule: (PCT) the process of reabsorbing glucose + A.As in the PCT 28. Selective reabsorption in Distal Convoluted Tubule: (DCT) the process of reabsorbing water in the DCT 29. Water reabsorption: the important process of reabsorbing water in the kidneys to prevent dehydration 30. Loop of Henle: a part of the nephron that actively reabsorbs sodium 31. Erythropoietin (EPO): a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells (RBC) 32. Glomerulonephritis: inflammation of the glomerulus, a part of the kidney involved in filtration 33. Nephrotic syndrome: a condition characterised by protein + water loss due to glomerular damage - elevated protein levels in the urine 3/6 34. Innate defenses: non-specific defense mechanisms that provide immediate protection against pathogens, including physics barriers, phagocytic cells etc. 35. Adaptive defenses: specific defense mechanism that target specific antigens, involving the activation of B cells + T cells 36. Cell-mediated immunity: immune response involving T cells that directly attack/destroy infected cells 37. Baroreceptors: sensory receptors located in the carotid sinuses + aorta that detect changes in blood pressure 38. Baroreceptor reflex: a reflex that regulates blood pressure by adjusting heart rate + blood vessel diameter 39. Venules: small veins that collect blood from capillaries 40. Arterioles: small arteries with a muscular layer that regulate blood flow + resistance 41. Elastic arteries: arteries closest to the heart with a large diameter + elastic fibers in the middle layer ( tunica media) 42. Papillary Muscles: Muscles attached to the atrioventricular valves that prevent them from prolapsing 43. Coronary Arteries: arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle itself 44. Cardiac Muscle Cells: 2 types of cells found in the heart: - contractile cells responsible for contraction + - conducting system cells responsible for generating electrical activity 45. Pacemaker: 4/6 the sinoatrial node (SAN), which initiates the electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm 46. Epidermis: - outermost layer of the skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium - it acts as a barrier against pathogens, UV radiation + water loss 47. Dermis: - the layer of connective tissue, nerve + muscle beneath the epidermis - it contains blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands + sensory receptors 48. Adipose tissue: - a layer of fat tissue located below the skin - it provides insulation, cushioning + J storage 49. Aerolar tissue: - a layer of loose connective tissue located below the skin - it supports + connects the skin to underlying structures 50. Langerhans cells: macrophages in the epidermis that play a role in the immune response by capturing + presenting antigens to immune cells 51. Stratum corneum: - the outermost layer of the epidermis - composed of dead keratinocytes - it acts as a protective barrier against water loss, pathogens + mechanical stress 52. Stratum lucidum: - a translucent layer of the epidermis found in thick skin, composed of dead keratinocytes - it provides additional protection + thickness to the skin 53. Stratum granulosum: 5/6 - a layer of the epidermis composed of keratinocytes with lamellar granules - it plays a role in the formation of the skin's barrier + the production of lipids 54. Stratum spinosum: - a layer of the epidermis composed of keratinocytes, Langerhans cells + Merkel cells - it provides structural support + participates in immune responses 6/6