Respiratory System Study Resources

1. Why are specialised surfaces because skin is resistant to water + gaseous required for the absorption of exchange O2? 2. Why do people get nosebleeds - when its cold, veins in the nose dilate to in the cold? warm incoming air - can cause nosebleeds 3. Why shouldn't you administer - coughing is the mechanism that clears the oral fluids when someone is larynx unconscious? - however, this reflex does not work when unconscious 4. Which bronchus is food more - R likely to get stuck in + why? - wider, shorter + more vertical 5. How do bronchioles control air - as the smaller airways are made of smooth resistance? muscle - they use bronchoconstrictions + bronchodilations 6. Name the flow of trachea to alveoli: - trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveoli 7. What prevents alveolar collapse? surfactanr 8. What does surfactant do? reduces surface tension of the alveolar fluid 9. What makes up the respiratory - alveoli wall membrane? - basal lamina - capillary wall 1/4 10. What is the lubricant on the lungs? pleural fluid 11. What is the pleurisy? pleural surfaces become sticky/dry causing painful breathing + inflammation 12. Which 2 regions control breathing? And where are they located? - dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - ventral respiratory group (VRG) - in the medulla oblongata 13. How does the partial pressure - higher CO2 conc = means CO2 in the brain of CO2 impact breathing? diffuses into the cerebrospinal fluid - binds to H20 to make carbonic acid - carbonic acid dissociates to form H+ ions - this drops the pH + excites central chemoreceptors in the medulla - activating respiratory centres - increasing ventilation 14. What is the epiglottis? a flap that seal off the trachea + prevents food from entering 15. What is tidal volume? amount of air that moves in + out of lungs during a normal breath 16. What controls the bronchiole - ANS smooth muscle? - PNS 17. What receptors are on the bronchiole smooth muscle? - beta 2 adrenoreceptors - respond more to adrenaline than noradrenaline 18. What is parasympathetic innervation controlled by? vagus nerve 19. Where are the chemoreceptors that monitor CO2, O2 + pH? - medulla 20. H+ ions poorly diffuse through the BBB - carotid + aortic bodies 2/4 Why aren't central chemoreceptors activated by pH change? 21. Why do smokers cough? smoking damages the cilia that normally remove mucus + debris from the respiratory tract 22. 1) how does the sympathetic nervous system control the change in bronchioles? 2) what receptors + neurotransmitters are involved? 3) would you use an agonist/antagonist of these receptors for a patient with asthma? 1) bronchodilation 23. Is salbutamol an agonist/antagonist? agonist 24. 1) how does the parasympathetic nervous system control the change in bronchioles? 2) what receptors + neurotransmitters are involved? 3) would you use an agonist/antagonist of these receptors for a patient with asthma? 1) parasympathetic nerves control bronchoconstriction 2) noradrenaline binds to B2-adrenergic receptors 2) agonist 2) ACh binds to muscarinic receptors 3) antagonist 25. What are the 2 different cells - type 1 squamous alveolar cells = aids in that form the alveolar cell wall gas exchange + what do each of them do? - type 2 squamous alveolar cells = secrete surfactant 26. What are accessory muscles? - sternocleidomastoid - scalene - pectoralis minor - abdominal muscles 3/4 27. What are accessory muscles deep, forceful inhalation used for? 4/4