Reproductive System Tutorial Notes

1. Why are UTIs more common in women? urethra is closer + more exposed to anus 2. What is the sperm journey? - created in testes - stored in epydidimis - transported through the vas deferens, over ureter - seminal vesicles add fluid - enter urethra 3. Why does urine come out during ejacula- - internal urethral sphincter tion? keeps the bladder closed during ejaculation 4. What are the 2 types of cells in the semi- - leydig cells niferous tubule? - sertoli cells 5. What do leydig cells do? produce testosterone 6. What do sertoli cells do? produce androgen binding protein 7. How is sperm production promoted? androgen binding protein (ABP) + testosterone bind 8. What does LH do? stimulates leydig cells 9. What does FSH do? stimulates sertoli cells 10. Explain erections: - PNS - dilate vessels 11. Explain ejaculation: - SNS - smooth muscle constricts - pushes semen out 12. How is sperm created within the seminif- - FSH + LH travels to the semierous tubule? niferous tubules during puberty - FSH produces ABP from ser1/4 toli cells -LH produces testosterone from leydig cells - ABP + testosterone bind together - this activates the spermatogonium - this then divides via mitosis - sperm is created + enters the lumen 13. What do prostaglandins in the seminal fluid do? - promote smooth muscle contractions in the uterus - helps sperm movement 14. What is a polar body? a small cell that results from unequal distribution of cytoplasm during meiosis 15. What happens if the polar body isn't dis- the child can get extra chromocarded? some + have downsyndrome 16. What is oogenesis? production of female gametes 17. What pH is semen + why? - alkali - to neutralise the vagina 18. What is an oocyte? an egg cell 19. What happens on day 1 of the female re- - 10-20 primordial follicles develproductive cycle? op - follicular cells provide nourishment to the oocyte 20. What happens to the primordial follicles? turn into primary follicles 2/4 21. Where is the gonadotropin releasing hor- hypothalamus mone released by? 22. What does gonadotropin releasing hormone do? - promotes secretion of FSH + LH - in the anterior pituitary gland 23. What causes primary follicles to become FSH secondary? 24. Structure of a secondary follicle: inner layer - zona pellucida middle layer - granular cells outer layer - theca cells 25. What does the zona pellucida do? stops more than 1 sperm entering 26. What do the granular + theca cells do? - oestrogen - causes uterus lining 27. What does the secondary follicle become? mature follicle/graffian follicle 28. What happens with graffian cells? produces high levels of oestrogen 29. What does the corpus luteum do? releases progesterone 30. What does progesterone do? thickens uterine wall + vascularises it 31. What happens after 10 days of no pregnancy signal? - the corpus luteum degenerates 32. What is a zygote? fertilised egg 33. What is a blastocyst? a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass 3/4 34. What is an embyroblast? the inner cell mass of the blastocyst that develops into the embryo 35. What is trophoblast? - outer layer of blastocyst - forms the placenta 36. What is the acrosome? - portion of sperm containing enzymes to digest zona pellucida - head of sperm 37. Why is there cholesterol in the acrosome? to keep phospholipid bilayer + cell rigid 38. What does folic acid do? prevents neural tube defects (spina bifida) 4/4