A View of Life

* VIEW OF LIFE * VIEW OF LIFE biology-scientific study biologists study ↳ main themes evolution nature of science to validate understanding on all aspects of large-scale ecological to living organisms interactions : central theme of : focuses life from molecular level = three that biology explains ; process that relies : on how /changes life adapts experiments and time over hypothesis testing findings is interconnected in biological systems life cycling of nutrients : in many ways ; e . g . similarities in ecosystems genetics or Atom Smallest unit of electrons element composed of an protons and neutrons , , V Molecule CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements V Cell of life organization atom us ↳ > - moucules cell is alive some but live cells organisms > - clump The structural and functional = cells basic units most = made from non independently together many living organisms living organisms unit of all are and living Tissue * group of cells with a common structure and function morecules V single-celled some , V of life Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for form colonies a specific task V Organ System multicellular of several organs Composed working together V Organism each more ↳ level and builds more up on previous one and An individual ; gets contain organ complex Species A group of similar, level gains hierarchy moving up characteristics properties unique emergent determined by interactions between individual in , each interbreeding organisms V Population , Organisms of the same species in a particular are a V Community parts all Interacting populations levels are interconnected function , LIVING ORGANISMS systems V = ↳ complex individuals MAINTAIN as systems in a particular area Ecosystem A community plus the physical environment the Biosphere HOMEOSTAS IS Regions waters , and of Earth's crust, atmosphere inhabited by living organisms biological balance moisture level , ↳) maintained many organisms (homeostasis) -o must acidity by essential stay feedback/control depend on for survival of Organism within certain tolerance range mechanisms behavior to regulate internal environment ; e . . g temperature, REQUIRES MATERIALS AND ENERGY LIFE energy cells = to capacity out ↳ all chemical reactions that of sun-central source energy ↳ it flow inorganic ↳ into chemical chemicals in food in solar ↳ chemical energy from more without solar and exist as , life photosynthesis organic = solar energy and Solar energy population to nutrients 2 other ~Heat Se Producers at N death/decomposition Heat plants and other T feed each other dissipates , returns to · heat and > - ORGANISMS are photosynthesis ecosystem does not cycling what communities living organisms capture nutrient molecules and energy through = energy energy flow/nutrient LIVING all Consumers Sun of food chain atmosphere energy of cell-metabolism : one cycling flows from could not out (until energy gradually ↳ almost inorganic producers through chain members in produce - of cells parts and products organic through photosynthesis nutrients returned to = for energy ecosystem in producers take nutrients energy organization maintain to reactions occur organisms) carry other transform needed a sequence of chemical carry (and work nutrient molecules to make their use i plants do > - cycle determine found 1 Decomposer - where different ecosystems * are Heat found within them RESPOND interact with environment and each other -b often respond to Stimulus with movement appropriate responses essential for survival - all activities of organism = behavior REPRODUCE AND LIVING ORGANISMS forms of life all ↳ e . bacteria g. ↳ In most followed ensure ↳ L protists split passed down to next collection of up of generation genes new = specific organism organism contain every cause differences modifications that help organisms can environments different characteristics of legg offspring = DNA , blueprint for organization and but not all of DNA is active - - essential to for variation function better in in genetic information specific adaptations = includes generations , of other cell mutations = egg random combinations of sperm -- acid) same with development and (desoxyribonucleic DNA specific partner one all cells in evolution from life in two metabolism of that in ↳ comes : unique made and life -- organisms pairing of sperm from by cell divisions and many stages of are genes reproduce can DEVELOP way in which to become more populations of adapted organisms change over to environment many EVOLUTION AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE all ↳ ↳ organisms cells all build composed of genes process of evolution ↳ modifications organism process that ↳ some diverse very similarly are to = and adapt makes DNA & suggests "common descent descent come same common with from ancestor modification" common ancestors modification/adaptation possible generation characteristics basic > - modifications cause to environment aspects of environment to next but share select = natural selection what traits are more likely to be passed selective agent abiotic (part of biotic be can (part of : e environment) physical environment living . deer . g prefer can of leaf plants with or reproduce more-generations plants will have introduce variations mutations = fuel non all > - ↳ natural selection preferred have individuals not with all many within factors same can , among later most preferred leaf non type of population members preferred leafs preferred non , type type to eat certain with mutations that make them become advantage population have potential reproduce to success prevent reproduction , e . g . inability to capture resources escape from predators or to with organisms advantageous this through living organisms change time ( from existing traits can ↳ one diversity of domains of over more time (can even create new species over life classified life reproduce into three ORGANIZING DIVERSITY : BACTERIA - evolutionary to common common ARCHDEA ancestor several Protists can groups evolution is = EUKARYA Fungi * nimals life - be o common ancestor to adapted to each different environmental conditions unifying the Plants cell with nucleus of ancestor population ↳ (first cells) ancestry tree traces explains many organisms came concept of aspects of from it single , biology including how ancestor and taxonomy = identifying grouping organisms to certain rules according systematics study of evolutionary relationships between organisms = ↳ systematists learn more about organisms taxonomy often changes When , - use DNA technology categories (taxa) from least most inclusive order class Dhylum Kingdom domain genus family to classification basic species , , species-group , , of , , interbreeding : , three individuals domains : Bacteria , Archaea, corn Human Category Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Eukarya Eukarya Animalia Plantae Chordata Anthophyta Mammalia Monocotyledones Primates Commelinales Hominidae Poaceae Homo Zea ↓ sapiens 2 mays and Archaea evolved Bacteria common ancestor soon ↳ contain prokaryotes archaeal structurally prokaryotes but metabolically complex archaea than Archaea Eukarya have organize DNA differently than from cells , adapted to live in extreme environments to primitive Earth) (similar " different shapes many chemosynthesize ↳ absorb or ↳ unique chemical ↳ least evolved forms of very food characteristics divided into four e . g . eukaryotes bacterial ↳ prokaryotic adapted cells to all , many kingdoms diverse photosynthesize Chemosynthesize food absorb , unique group (single- photosynthesizers ingest food) algar protozoans, , Slime molds,... , ↳ with , some ↳ multicellular specialized complex cells , absorb food mords mushrooms , , or chemical characteristics : -ungi mostly different shapes environments T absorb or ↳ similar to life celled to few multicellular some ↳ ↳ Protista ↳ more Bacteria prokaryotic Eukarya have bacteria (and their cell walls/membranes line , simple are ↳ (don't membrane-bound nucleus that chemically ↳ beginning . ↳ split off from after from first of life eukaryotes eukarya Eukarya , yeasts, .... Plantar ↳ multicellular tissues ↳ ↳ Animalia photosynthesize some DNA ↳ specialized complex , algar conifers ↳ , , , food flowering evolution of eukaryotes first word THE is genus is assigned , second , abbreviation PROCESS , frogs same several on worms insects , , mammals ,... evolutionary lineage paths explain these relationships to two-part name called scientific = Supergroups name one is species if species > - designation specific epithet is not determined it is indicated Phoradendron sp . disciplines : physiology-function botany-plants anatomy-structure between ecology-relationships organisms and = process = OF SCIENCE biological Cytology cells scientific to happened be abbreviated different ↳ share , binomial nomenclature genus with generic Li sponges groups being developed five supergroups currently can ↳ protists food ingest ↳ fishes , cells complex ↳ plants every living organism ↳ ferns new taxonomic ↳ = , , shows not all analysis , tissues , cells mosses multicellular specialized ↳ uses gain knowledge guideline for ↳ acts as ↳ Often modified to ↳ ↳ a ↳ scientific method = particular field of = their environment standard series of steps scientific studies suit zoology= animals genetics heredity study Observation OBSERVATION Hypothesis 1 Potential Hypothesis Hypothesis hypotheses 2 Prediction 3 Reject Experiment Hypothesis 1 nature is orderly and measurable (natural laws don't Remaining possible Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 3 hypotheses Prediction Reject Hypothesis Experiment ↳ 2 natural phenomena understood Last remaining possible Hypothesis 3 hypothesis senses Predictions Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Experiment Predictions HYPOTHESIS > - be observation through all knowledge expands even further by into account and taking knowledge (e observations and can (with scientific instruments) experiences of making time over 4 Conclusion confirmed after through observation experienced Modify hypothesis Experiment 1 change . g . gathering knowledge other scientists past studies) about phenomenon formulate possible explanation creative using when whole-inductive to combine thinking reasoning isolated facts into cohesive PREDICTIONS AND EXPERIMENTS series to of decide ↳ When of way ↳ good = ↳ procedures how to designing how that are test designed hypothesis experiment experiment experimental is design , scientists use deductive make intended prediction to be variable responding/dependent based a specific is examined variable hypothesis reasoning knowledge on = conducted makes sure that experimental/independent result is then , to collect data to test - experiment "if then "logic , of factors of experimental variable = design it experiment test exposed = group ↳ control group not = if control and test model ↳ model model and control results to make sure group graph = = hypothesis that hypothes is fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) or predicts difference always questions answer musculus (Mus be can relationship presented variable plotted on in many ways - tables , quantities two between fully DATA ANALYZING THE often experimental mouse environmental conditions but don't experiments shows results same test to = from variable to it show organisms like systems specific helpful experimental supported PRESENTING AND data to groups often used is models are ↳ groups exposed is not between them ↳ test meaningful are ↳ contains X-axis , result plotted on graphs , etc. y-axis Variation in Blood Cholesterol Levels statistics are experimental ↳ 225 evaluate help used to data standard error/deviation specific value average could is or how = how uncertain far off y-axis the be F ⑨ standard 200 error ⑨ ⑨ Data 175 ⑳ 150 Week 1 Week 3 Week 2 Week 4 X-axis When a experiment is conducted there is , coincidence chance that result is experimental always due to factors other than or variable taken calculating probability value (p) several things probability value low - results statistically significant ↳ When ↳ if are are (less than 5 % or scientific studies ↳ before it is = when ensures any into account are p < 0 . published published : are in scientific peer reviewed , credibility accuracy criteria acceptable) 05 is , no questionable , by bias study , > - p should often be journals experts etc. is rejected = < 0 make information . 001 available CHALLENGES FACING SCIENCE science is systematic way technology acquiring knowledge of application of scientific is knowledge to interest of humans BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT LOSS biodiversity= total and relative abundance number & enes/different ecosystems they biodiversity Earth on death of species (or hundreds many danger of last mass extinction two . ecosystems EMERGING with yearly extinction climate 65 mil species (excl bacteria) . = of their humans because of by -- 2 3 mil . identified/named extinction end of -" up to 38 % of species century change years ago biodiversity most species/variability live in larger category) due to cases 8 7 mil - of species lost could be in = : of : tropical rain forest and coral reefs DISEASES relatively new to humans due to increased exposure to rector animals globalization supports transportation of diseases all around the world -> ↳ some pathogens another issue : mutate and reemerging change hosts (e diseases (e . . g . g . from bird to human-barian Ebola outbreak in West Africa flu) 2014-20157 CLIMATE changes ↳ of normal cycling ↳ human activity atmospheric most largely CO2 due to CO2 dissolves in increased amount of = rising climate humans - mostly = climate change due to imbalance in chemical of carbon atmospheric CO2 = of Earth's climate Cycle be attributed to may due to CHANGE in , more 1850 : CO2 released oceans - : over than removed 400ppm fossil fuels and deforestation increases CO2 (and other temperature atmosphere z80ppm nowadays burning of = into global acidity greenhouse gases) in atmosphere warming change-global warming cause major changes in many ecosystems