Formulation Study Resources

1. oral + enteral dosing: - wide effect - delivery via GI tract 2. oral advantages: - non-invasive + convenient - can be modified for extended release - less expensive 3. oral disadvantages: - need to be conscious - time needed for absorption - absorption affected by metabolic processes + food 4. bulk powders: - multi-dose containing loose dry particles - 1 or more APIs with/without excipients 5. divided powders: single dose taken with water 6. granules: - agglomeration of powder mixes of drug + excipient - can be bulk, divided, dry /wet - effervescent granules evolve CO2 + water 7. tablets: API + suitable pharmaceutical excipient 8. tablet advantages: - elegance - low cost - ease of administration 9. diluents + fillers: increase tablet size 10. binders: promote granulation to give free flowing property 11. glidants: decrease friction between molecules increasing flowability 12. capsules: API + excipient is enclosed within a shell made of gelatin sugar + water 13. advantages of capsules: 1/4 - increased bioavailability compared to solid dosage - longer half-life compared to liquid 14. liquid dosage advantages: - faster absorption compared to solids - less GI tract irritation 15. liquid dosage disadvan- - can be contaminated tages: - possible hydrolysis of APIs - more unpleasant taste 16. emulsion: - 1 or more APIs stabilised in oil + water dispersion 17. suspension: - 1 or more APIs suspended in a suitable vehicle - help to administer insoluble drugs 18. syrups: - contain many sweeteners - mask unpleasant taste of API - mainly cough medicine as the high viscosity 19. elixer: contains potent/unpleasant tasting drugs with high proportions of sugar 20. parenteral advantages: - bypass first-pass metabolism - fast - do not need to be conscious 21. parenteral disadvantages: - invasive - may introduce bacteria into the system - scary 22. intramuscular injection: large muscle mass of solution/suspension 23. IM pros: can be formulated for extended release 24. IM cons: - absorption may be erratic - bruising - not suitable for those with little muscle mass 25. 2/4 subcutaneous injection - patients can be self-administered (SC) pros: - does not pass GI tract 26. SC cons: - slower than IV + IM routes - difficult if skin is frail - limited volume 27. usual SC injections: insulin 28. transdermal delivery: - a method of applying a drug to unbroken skin via a patch worn on the patient's skin - the drug is absorbed through the skin + into systemic circulation 29. inhalation pros: - rapid absorption - bronchodilators + inhaled steroids can be targeted to lungs with low levels of systemic absorption 30. inhalation cons: bioavailability depends on patients inhaler technique + size of drug particles 31. metered-dose inhaler: solution suspensions/emulsions held under pa 32. nebuliser: - liquid mist - pumps O2 through liquid medicine making vapour 33. rectal suppositories: - solid/semi-solid dosage forms - melt at body temp 34. enemas: - introducing liquids into the rectum/colon via anus - 2 forms evacuant + retention 35. evacuant: bowl stimulant 36. retention: volume does not exceed 100mL 37. vaginal creams, ointments, gels + foams: melt/dissolve 3/4 38. vaginal suppositories: - local antimicrobial effect 3 types:- moulded pessaries = cone shape - compressed = variety of shapes - capsules = similar to gelatin capsules 39. vaginal ring: hormone releasing barrier that is placed in the vagina once a month for 3 weeks to prevent ovulation 40. primary manufacturing: API is made 41. secondary manufactur- API mixed with excipients ing: 4/4