Cell Biology: From Discovery to Function

1. Who discovered the cell and when? Robert Hooke in 1665 2. Who first used a microscope to examine a living cell and when? Antony Van Leukwenhoek in 1670 3. Who first demonstrated that cells Karl Rudolph in 1804 were autonomous ( had their own cell walls) and when? 4. Who formulated the cell theory about Malthias Schlieden and Theodore plant cells + cell membranes and Schwann in 1838 when? 5. Who modified the cell theory (cell di- Rudolph Virchow in 1855 vision) and when? 6. What 4 features do all cells share? - DNA - plasma membrane - cytoplasm - ribosomes 7. What do prokaroytes include?prokaryotes - bacteria - blue-green algae - mycoplasma -PPLO (pleuro pneumonia-like organisms) 8. What are bacteria's 4 basic shapes? - bacillus - coccus - vibrio - sprillum 9. What is bacillus? rod-like 10. What is coccus? spherical 11. What is vibrio? comma-shaped 12. What is spirillum? spiral 1/6 13. What is a capsule? it envelopes a prokaryote + functions as a protective coat 14. Why is a capsule crucial? it prevents the process of phagocytosis 15. What is phagocytosis? where the bacteria gets engulfed by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages 16. What is a nucleoid? A central region of the cell that contains its DNA 17. What is a cell wall made from? carbohydrates + proteins called = peptidoglycans 18. What is a nucleoid made from? formed of non-membranous circular genomic DNA (single chromosome) + proteins 19. What is a plasmid? small circular DNA outside the genomic DNA - it gives some unique phenotypic characters (like antibiotic resistance) to bacteria 20. What size are prokaryotic ribosomes? 15nm by 20nm 21. What are the subunits in prokaryotic 50S and 30S - together form 70S ribosomes? 22. What is S? sedimentation coefficient - a measure of density + size 23. What are polyribosomes / polysomes? several ribosomes may attach to a single mRNA to form a chain 24. What are ribosomes the site of? translation (protein synthesis) 25. translate the mRNA into proteins 2/6 What do the ribosomes of a polysome do? 26. What does a cell membrane do? separates the cell from the outside environment 27. What does a capsule help to do? helps the bacterium attach to surfaces 28. What are pili? rod-shaped structures involved in multiple roles, including attachment and DNA transfer 29. What are flagella? thin, tail-like structures that assist in movement 30. Whar does the cell wall in eukaryotes supports + protects the plasma do? membrane, provides structure, and allows for cell movement + plays a role in cell division. 31. What does the plasma membrane in controls the entry + exit of certain eukaryotes do? substances 32. What is the nucleolus? found inside of the nucleus, it is where ribosomal RNA is produced 33. What is the eukaryotic cell membrane composed of? - lipid bilayer - proteins -carbohydrates 34. What are ribosomes composed of? RNA and proteins 35. What is endoplasmic reticulum? an organelle dedicated to protein maturation + transportation 36. What are the subunits in eukaryotic 60S and 40S, which form 80S ribosomes? 37. Robert Brown in 1831 3/6 Who was the nucleus first described by and when? 38. What is chromatin? the material of the nucleus stained by basic dyes (Flemming) 39. What mature cells lack a nucleus? - mammalian RBC - sieve tube cells of vascular plants 40. What is the main function of chromatin? - compress + package long DNA molecules into compact, dense structures 41. What is chromatin made of? genomic DNA bound with histones, where each histone-bound DNA molecule is referred to as = chromosome 42. What is cytoplasm? a jelly/fluid-like substance present between the cell membrane + nucleus 43. What is cytoplasm made of? mainly water, as well as some organic + inorganic substances 44. What helps the cytoplasm to maintain its shape and form? a network of threads + microtubules 45. What processes are carried out in the - cell expansion cytoplasm? - growth - replication 46. What is cytosol? fluid present within the cell that contains the organelles, it is the fluid part of the cytoplasm 47. What is an endomembrane system? group of membranous organelles that have coordinated functions 48. What does endomembrane system include? 4/6 - ER - Golgi complex - lysosomes - vacuoles 49. What are vesicles + vacuoles? membrane-bound sacs involved in transportation + storage 50. What is ER? A network of tiny tubular structures scattered in the cytoplasm 51. What are the 2 compartments of in- luminal (inside ER) + extra luminal tracellular space? (cytoplasm) 52. What is smooth ER? - major synthesis of lipids 53. What does the Golgi body do? - helps process + package protein, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell 54. Where does the Golgi body transport lysosomes, plasma membrane/seproteins to? cretion 55. What is the function of lysosomes? - degrade material + digest component of cell itself 56. What shape are eukaryotic ribosomes? linear 57. What shape are prokaryotic ribosomes? spherical 58. What is eukaryotic reproduction? asexual + sexual 59. What is prokaryotic reproduction? only asexual 60. Describe transcription and translation in eukaryotic cells: - transcription + translation are not coupled - transcription occurs in the nucleus, producing mRNA - the mRNA then exits the nucleus, + translation occurs in the cytoplasm 5/6 61. Describe transcription and translation in prokaryotic cells: 6/6 transcription + translation are coupled, meaning translation begins during mRNA synthesis