Pharmaceutical Formulations Class Notes

1. why can't the API be giv- This is mainly dur to the size being too small usuen alone? ally in mg. Making them difficult to manufacture and would affect patient compliance. 2. Define what an excipient They are pharmacologically inter ingredients is? used to give the final dosage form to control characteristics and performance. 3. What is a dosage from? The physical from in which API is given to patients. 4. What are the pros of oral Non invasive administration? Convenient Usually less expensive than other forms. 5. What are the cons of oral Not appropriate for an unconscious patient. administration? Requires time for absorption and administration Patient may be unable to swallow Absorption time is affected by food drugs stomach acid and the condition of the gut. Metabolic processes in the GI tract can be a problem for some drugs. 6. What is advantage of capsules over a liquid dosage. Being efficiently manufactured. 7. What are pros of liquid oral dosage forms? Solutions are absorbed faster in comparisons to solid. Generally cause less GI irritation Phase separation isn't a concern for solutions but may be one for suspensions or emulsions. 8. What are cons of liquid oral dosage forms? Suspectable to microbial contamination Possible hydrolysis of API in aqueous solution The taste in some drugs is more nasty when in solution 9. What are emulsions? 1/3 Stabilised oil in water dispersions. They do show evidence of phase separation but shaking the bottle fixes this. 10. What are suspensions useful for administrating? Insoluble or poorly soluble drugs. The taste is less potent due to the drug being less soluble in the suspension. 11. What is an elixir? alcohol, water, sugar and flavouring in a solution The sugar is there to mask the nasty taste of the drug. 12. What are the pros of us- Drug doesn't pass through the GI tract. ing IV injections? Provides a fast action of the drug Eliminates factors that hinder absorption rate. Can be used for unconscious patients. 13. What are the cons of IV injections Invasive May introduce bacteria to the system as cannula are prone to infection Painful Recovery is a lot more difficult id a medication error is made or if an adverse reaction occurs. 14. What are pros of inNo passing through GI tract tramuscular administra- Fast but not as fast as IV tion? Can be formulated for extended release 15. What are cons of InInvasive tramuscular administra- can into bacteria to the system tion? Not appropriate for person bleeding problem or decreased muscle mass 16. Pros of subcutaneous (SC) injection No passing through GI patients can be taught to self administer 17. Cons of SC administration Invasive intro to bacteria Difficult for patients with thin or frail skin Rate of absorption slower than IV and IM 2/3 18. Pros of topical adminis- Application can be direct to the site of action tration Some products have systemic effects and can be diffused through the skin and into the bloodstream 19. What are cons of topical The skin acts as a natural barrier that will affect administration the rate and amount of penetration. Usually the conc needed to provide a therapeutic effect is hard to determine. 20. What are advantages of transdermal products? No hepatic first pass metabolism Enhanced therapeutic efficacy minimum side effects improve patient compliance. However cons Irritation and can be wiped away easily. 21. What are the cons for Eyes: Must be done in sterile perpetrations free of ocular optic and nasal anything that will irritate the eye. Care should be routes of administration. taken to not touch tip of dropper with the eye. 22. According to the BCS Class 1: High permeability High solubility Group how are drug sub- Class 2: HP LS stances classified. Class 3: LP HS Class 4: LP LS 23. When's a drug classed as Ph range 1-7.5 in 250ml being highly soluble 3/3