Renal System MCQ

1. What is the concentration of urine main function of the juxtamedullary nephron? 2. Which part of the Nephrons kidney is responsible for the filtration of blood and the formation of urine? 3. Which structure in Loop of Henle the kidney is responsible for the Loop of Henle plays a crucial role in the absorption of processing of ul- water from the filtrate in the kidney trafiltrate? 4. Which part of the PCT nephron is responsible for the absorption of sodium ions by active transport? 5. What is the main absorption of water function of loop of Henle in the kidney? 6. Which hormone is ADH (vasopressin) responsible for increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water, leading to the reabsorption of water and the 1/6 production of concentrated urine? 7. Which structure PCT in the kidney is responsible for the selective reabsorption of useful substances back into the blood? 8. Which part of the Collecting duct - responsible for secretion of hydrogen nephron is respon- ions and potassium ions into filtrate in the kidney sible for the secretion of hydrogen ions and potassium ions into the filtrate? 9. True or False: The False Loop of Henle is primarily respon- The loop of Henle is primarily responsible for the reabsible for the resorption of water and ions in the kidney absorption of glucose in the kidney. 10. Can you explain increases the permeability of the walls of DCT and colthe role of ADH in lecting duct of water, allowing more water to be reabthe process of uri- sorbed into the bloodstream nation? 11. What would happen if the body did not produce enough ADH? Walls of DCT and collecting duct would be less permeable to water, resulting in more water being excreted in urine and potentially leading to dehydration 12. What does urinaly- color, clarity, froth, smell sis determine? 13. 2/6 What is the phys- 1) Stretch receptors carry S.N to the sacral region, which iology of urination then activates a neuron that goes to the pontine micturiat empty bladder? tion center in the pons. 2) From there, it activates parasympathetic neurons that release Ach at M3 receptors to induce contraction. 3) While, sympathetic neurons induce relaxation through B3 receptors 14. What is ultrafiltrate? the fluid that a nephron works on and becomes urine at the end of a collecting duct, at this point not be processed + excreted 15. What happens in In ultrafiltration in the glomerulus, the efferent arteriole is the process of ul- smaller than the afferent arteriole, leading to high blood trafiltration in a pressure in the glomerulus. glomerulus? The high blood pressure allows for the filtration of substances like urea and ions through small gaps in capillary endothelium and basement membrane 16. What is the pneumonic for the functions of the kidneys? Clever Pigeons Migrate East E," where each letter represents a function:V = regulation of circulatory Volume and Blood Pressure - C = regulation of blood Concentration (ionic balance) - P = regulation of blood pH - M = Metabolic functions (glucogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and vitamin D synthesis) - E = Excretion of waste, water-soluble drugs, and toxins - E = Endocrine functions (production of hormones) 17. How does selective reabsorption work? involves reabsorption of specific substances from the filtrate back into the bloodstream Water is reabsorbed by osmosis, and other ions and reabsorbed 18. cortex (filtration), medulla (processes ultrafiltrate, concentrating the urine 3/6 What are the 3 parts of the kidney? through loop of Henle), pelvis (collect urine from kidney and into uretar for excretion) 19. What is juxtaspecialized cells in the kidney that are involved in the glomerular cells? regulation of blood pressure and production of renin 20. Can you explain It is an enzyme released by juxtaglomerular cells in the role of renin response to low blood pressure/ low sodium levels. in the regulation of blood pressure? Renin acts on angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction, stimulates the release of aldosterone and increases blood pressure 21. Can you explain the role of the loop of Henle in the absorption of water from the filtrate? In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water moves out as it is permeable to water. In ascending limb, sodium ions are actively removed making it impermeable to water This sets up a concentration gradient that allows for further reabsorption 22. Can you explain how selective reabsorption works in the nephron? In selective reabsorption, sodium ions are actively pumped out of the epithelial cells of the nephron. This creates a concentration gradient that drives the reabsorption of other substances like water and glucose 23. Where does selec- PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT tive reabsorption mainly PCT take place? - this is where essential substances like glucose, ions and water are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream from the filtrate 24. What is the role of carries urine to bladder the uretar? 4/6 25. Where is the loop medulla kidneys of Henle located? 26. Where is PCT located? renal cortex 27. What is ultrafiltrate? filtrate formed by filtration in the renal corpuscle of the kidney it consists of water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules that pass through the filtration barrier 28. Where is the lay- podocytes er of specialised cells that make up the inner layer of bowman's capsule located? 29. What is bowman's cup-shaped structure in the nephron of the kidney that capsule? surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate from the blood 30. What is the function of the glomerular corpuscle? Filtration of blood 31. What is the specific function of podocytes in the renal system? Podocytes 32. In the context of the loop of Henle, can you explain how the length of the loop of Henle affects the wa- The length of the loop of Henle affects the water potential in the medulla by creating a longer gradient of ion concentration. The glomerular corpuscle is responsible for the filtration of blood to form the glomerular filtrate in the kidney A longer loop allows for more time and distance for sodium ions to be actively removed in the ascending limb, leading to a higher concentration of loop in the 5/6 ter potential in the medulla. medulla? This higher concentration of ions results in lower water potential in the medulla, enabling more water reabsorption in the collecting duct by osmosis. 33. What structure The filtrate passes through the fenestrated capillary does filtrate pass endothelium, basement membrane and podocyte foot through? processes 6/6