Skin Cheat Sheet

1. What are the functions of the skin? protection thermoregulation sensory vitamin D synthesis (PTSD) 2. Name the layers epidermis of the skin from dermis top to bottom. subcutaneous tissue muscle 3. What layer does dermis an intradermal injection go into? 4. What layer does subcutaneous tissue a subcutaneous injection go into? 5. What layer does muscle an intramuscular injection go into? 6. What is the epi- stratified squamous epithelium dermis made up of? 7. Name the layers of cells of the epidermis from deepest outwards. stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum 8. What is bebasement membrane tween the epidermis and dermis? 9. What are the four keratinocytes types of cells in langerhans cells the epidermis? 1/8 melanocytes merkel cells 10. Does the epidermis contain blood vessels? no 11. What cells form 90% of the epidermis? keratinocytes 12. What do keratinocytes do? produce keratin 13. What do produce melanin pigment melanocytes do? 14. Where do langer- bone marrow hans cells originate from? 15. What do langer- provide immunity hans cells do? 16. What cells are in merkel cells the deepest layer of epidermis? 17. What do merkel cells do? form touch receptors with sensory neurons 18. What is the deep- stratum basale est layer of the epidermis? 19. Describe the single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells cells in the stratum basale. 20. 2/8 What is another stratum germinativum name for stratum a lot of mitosis happens in stem cells in this layer basale and why? 21. What cells is the merkel cells stratum basale a melanocytes combination of? keratinocytes stem cells 22. How do cells in the stratum basale get oxygen and nutrients? via diffusion from nearby blood vessels in the dermis 23. Describe the 8-10 layers of polygonal keratinocytes cells in the stra- daughter cells from stratum basale are pushed into this tum spinosum. layer cells in the lowest layer might have a little bit of mitotic activity contains langerhans cells 24. What holds desmosomes together keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum? 25. What do cells in cells shrink and look spiny the stratum spinosum look like under a slide? 26. Describe the cells in stratum granulosum. 5 layers of flat dying keratinocytes show nuclear degeneration 27. What granules dark-staining keratohyalin granules with histidine-rich and does the stratum cysteine-rich proteins 3/8 granulosum contain? 28. What do kerabind keratin filaments together tohyalin granules do? 29. What do the lamellar granules containing lipids and proteins cells in the stratum granulosum secrete into the extracellular space? 30. What do secret- a lipid envelope around the cells forming a hydrophobic ed lamellar gran- barrier ules into the extracellular space create? 31. Where is stratum thick skin on lips, palms, and soles of feet lucidum found? 32. Describe the cells in stratum lucidum. 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells 33. Describe the cells in stratum corneum. 25-30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids cells in the top layers are continuously shed 34. Describe keratin. tough and waterproof 35. What is the stra- light tum corneum a heat barrier to? water chemicals bacteria 36. friction 4/8 What stimulates callus formation? 37. What do stem cells divide to produce? keratinocytes 38. What happens they fill with keratin and die to keratinocytes that are pushed up towards the surface? 39. How often do cells shed with psoriasis and why? in 7-10 days because abnormal keratin is produced 40. Describe melanin - Keratinocytes release POMC when sunlight causes DNA synthesis. damage. - POMC is cleaved to produce alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the production of melanin. Melanosomes are produced by melanocytes, and they produce melanin. 41. Describe the process of melanin synthesis? 1) Keratinocytes release POMC whenan increase in UV lightcausese DNA damage 2) P53 protein - repair when DNA damage 3) POMC is cleaved to produce alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the production of melanin. Melanosomes are produced by melanocytes, and they produce melanin. 4) Melanosome released via exocytosis 5) Keratinocyte get melanosome by endocytosis 6) melanin go around nucleus and form a shield 42. Describe the anatomy of the dermis. connective tissue layer composed of collagen and elastic fibres, fibroblasts, macrophages, and fat cells contains hair follicles, glands, nerves, and blood vessels 5/8 43. Name the two papillary region major regions of reticular region the dermis. 44. Which region is the top 20% of dermis? papillary region 45. What is the pap- loose connective tissue and elastic fibres illary region composed of? 46. What are the finger like projections on the papillary region called? dermal papillae 47. What are the anchors epidermis to dermis functions of the contains capillaries that feed epidermis papillary region? contains Meissner corpuscles and Merkel receptors for touch, and free nerve endings for pain and temp 48. Describe the structure of the dermis reticular region. dense irregular connective tissue with interlacing collagen and elastic fibres packed with sebaceous glands, sweat gland ducts, and hair follicles with arrector pili muscle 49. Name the func- provides strength, extensibility, and elasticity to skin tions of the retic- contains Pacinian corpuscle receptors and Ruffini corpusular region. cle receptors for touch, free nerve endings around hair follicles for hair movement 50. What part of the shaft hair is the visible part? 51. root follicle 6/8 What pair of the hair is below the surface? 52. What is the arrec- smooth muscle bundle in the dermis tor pili muscle? 53. What does the ar- contracts with cold or fear rector pili muscle forms goosebumps as hair is pulled vertically do? 54. What does the hair root nerve plexus do? detects hair movement 55. Name the func- prevents heat loss tions of the hair. decreases sunburn eyelashes to protect eyes hair root plexus senses light touch 56. What are the types of skin glands and what do they secrete? sebaceous glands secrete oil sudoriferous glands secrete sweat ceruminous glands secrete wax mammary glands produce milk 57. What are secreto- secretory portion in the dermis ry glands? 58. What do most se- hair shafts baceous glands open onto? 59. What is sebum a cholesterol combination of? lipids proteins salts 60. What does sebum do? keeps hair and skin soft and pliable protects from UV light and is involved in reducing water loss through the skin 7/8 transports fat-soluble antioxidants such as vitamin E to the skin's surface 61. What does seinhibits growth of bacteria and fungi bum being slightly acidic do? 62. What are the two eccrine glands types of sudorif- apocrine glands erous glands? 63. Where are eccrine glands found? most areas of skin including arms, face, and legs secretory portion in dermis with duct to surface 64. What do eccrine regulate body temperature with perspiration glands do? 65. Where are apoc- armpit and pubic region rine glands secretory portion in dermis with duct that opens onto hair found? follicle 66. Which type of su- apocrine doriferous gland has more viscous secretions? 67. What are apocrine glands responsible for? body odour 8/8