Types of Obesity

Obesity Types of obesity Causes • • • • • Diet - Red meat - Processed meat - High sodium - High sugary diet - Low fruits and veggies - Low nuts and seeds - Low polysaturated fat - Low whole grain and cereals Lack of physical activity Decreased used to public transport Energy consumed greater than energy expenditure Genetics - Mutations in leptin - leptin receptor mutations (leptin resistance) - Prader-Willi Syndrome: ✓ Autosomal dominant disorder -> deletion or disruption of a gene on the proximal long arm of paternal chromosome 15 and the mother’s gene Is silent due to imprinting -> Dysfunction of the hypothalamic pituitary axis -> Chronic imbalance between energy intake an expenditure due to hyperphagia, decreased physical activity, reduced metabolic rate and inability to vomit - Mutations in single nucleotide polymorphism - Outside of gene • • ✓ No effect on protein production or function ✓ No effect on obesity - Inside of gene ✓ Interact wit environmental factors related to energy intake and expenditure ✓ Non-coding SNPs changes the amount of protein produced ✓ Coding SNPs: changes amino acid sequence Technology Body composition - Increased waist circumference, so like when there is an apple shaped obesity as the fat is central and located around abdominal organs. - Intrabdominal fat is more metabolically active -> increased lipid release -> meses the liver and pancreases hormone - In liver-> too much fat -> inflammation -> cell damage and scaring -> not functioning correctly -> inability to remove excess hormones - In pancreas -> too much fat -> inflammation -> cell damage and scaring -> not functioning well -> reduced beta cell function -> reduced insulin synthesis, storage and release -> increased blood sugar levels, as there is less response to insulin Diagnosing for complications • • • • Fasting lipid panel Lover function tests Thyroid function tests Fating glucose and HbA1c Management • • • • • • • Weight loss - Increase physical activity: it is recommended that obese people get al least 150 minutes of exercise per week. Do it with other people or motivation - Reduce calorie intake reducing unhealthy foods - less fast-food consumption - food diary - following healthy eating guidelines: Switching to healthier food alternatives Cessing smoking Consult dietitian Speaking to a counsellor and seeking help from support groups: - Speaking to a mental health professional to find healthy ways to cope with stress, rather than eating excessively - Speaking to a mental health professional to find healthy ways to cope with stress, rather than eating excessively Stress management, for example breathing activities, visiting a psychologist etc. Medications: - Meds that increase energy expenditure - Meds that decrease appetite Surgery: bariatric procedures Complications • • • • • • • Heart diseases and heart strokes -> due to atherosclerosis that may develop, especially if it happens within the coronary artery -> reduced blood flow to the heart -> increased ischemia and infarction risk Cancer in the liver, uterus, breast etc. Sleep apnoea Osteoarthritis: increased body fat -> place stress on weight bearing joints Infertility and irregular periods Type 2 diabetes - In pancreas -> too much fat -> inflammation -> cell damage and scaring -> not functioning well -> reduced beta cell function -> reduced insulin synthesis, storage and release -> increased blood sugar levels, as there is less response to insulin Increased chance of developing heartburns Obesity measurement ✓ Measure body mass index (BMI) and plot on a BMI-for-age chart. Measure and record waist circumference and calculate waist: height ratio. ✓ BMI varies dramatically with age and gender during childhood and adolescence: it increases in the first year, falls during preschool years, and then rises once more into adolescence. The point at which BMI starts to increase again, between 4 and 7 years of age, is termed the point of ‘adiposity rebound’ ✓ Children above the 85th centile as 'overweight' and over the 95th centile as 'obese'.