University:
Western Sydney University
Course:
MEDI 2003 | Clinical Sciences 2
Academic year:

2024
Views:

329

Pages:

3
Author:

Mariam A. A.

IMPACT OF SMOKING ON THE HEART Smoking • • • • • • • Risk of non-fatal AMI o Overall smokers vs. never smoked = 3.02 x more likely o 1-9 cigarettes/day vs. never smoked = 1.49 x more likely o 10-19 cigarettes/day vs. never smoked 2.68 x more likely o >20 cigarettes/day vs. never smoked 4.71 x more likely Results were similar for both men and women and risk of non-fatal AMI increased with smoking regardless of ethnicity or region Relative increase was higher amongst the younger groups: o <40 yoa → 7.53 x increased risk with smoking o >40 yoa → 2.41 x increased risk with smoking There was an increased risk regardless of type of cigarettes smoked (filter, non-filter, pipe) Smoking cessation o Relative risk was reduced by 50% 3 years after smoking cessation o Relative risk was reduced by 75% 5 years after smoking cessation Relative risk reduction flattened off after 5 years Risk reduction was to a similar extent regardless of duration of prior smoking Results • • Similar in both men and women however diabetes appeared to be a stronger risk factor in women Moderate exercises and alcohol appeared to be of increased protectiveness in women Impact of smoking • • • 50% of long-term smokers die of smoking-related diseases Tobacco is responsible for 10% of deaths globally On current consumption levels about 1 billion people will be killed in the 21st century by tobacco British Doctor’s Study • • • • Questionnaire sent in October 1951 to registered members of the medical profession in the UK Asked to classify themselves into one of three groups: current smoker, former smoker, lifelong non-smoker Information about respondents deaths and the causes was obtained from the Registrars-Genera Data collection o Questionnaire was sent to 59,600 doctors o 40,564 sufficiently complete respondents o Subsequent questionnaires sent in: 1957, 1966, 1971, 1978, 1991, 2001 Average years of life gained by smoking cessation • • • • Aged 30 gained 10 years Aged 40 gained 9 years Aged 50 gained 6 years Aged 60 gained 3 years Benefits of smoking cessation • • • Primary Prevention: 29% (15-41%) reduction in myocardial infarction over a mean follow-up of 13.8 years Secondary Prevention: 50 (40-60%) reduction in the risk of long-term mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery and 35% (30-40%) reduction in the risk of repeat intervention Meta-analysis of 12 cohorts of secondary prevention folllowing myocardial infarction with 46% (38-54%) reduction in mortality Tobacco control interventions • • • • • Taxation Restrictions on smoking locations Health information and advertising Bans on advertising and promotion Smoking cessation treatments Smoking cessation treatments • • Counseling Pharmacotherapy o Nicotine replacement therapy o Champix (varencline) o Zyban (buproprion)