Immunology And Infectious Disease Week 4 Saq Questions Study Guide

IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE WEEK 4 SAQ QUESTIONS STUDY GUIDE 1. a. Outline the pathophysiology behind why Kawasaki disease may lead to coronary artery aneurysms. b. Briefly define what Buerger’s disease is, and which group of people is most at risk. In your answer, make reference to the size of the vessels that are most commonly affected. c. Name TWO clinical features associated with Buerger’s disease and explain the mechanisms behind these. d. Describe what is Takayasu’s disease. Answer: a. Kawaski disease mainly involves acute inflammation of the of medium sized vessels. The most commonly affected artery is the coronary artery of the heart. The immune system will attack the endothelial lining of the tunica media of the coronary artery. This will cause for there to be loss of elastic and collagen properties of the artery. This will expose the collagen and the TF to coagulation factors which will make the vessel wall more rigid and less elastic, and the wall will harden. Due to this the blood flow will become more turbulent, which as a result will make wall go weaker, and thus cause an aneurysm. b. Buerger’s disease mainly affects small to medium sized vessels in the upper and lower limbs, however, occasionally, it can also affect other regions of the body. The most commonly affected group is men aged 40 to 50 years of age. c. • Pins and needles -> paraesthesia of the limbs due to decreased blood supply of the nerves that innervate the limbs. • Skin changes and Raynaud’s phenomenon -> this is because when there will be exposure to an environmental trigger such as cold it will cause spams. d. Takayasu’s disease is a type of large vessel vasculitis that affects the abdominal aorta and its’ branches. 2. a. Describe the principles of swabbing. b. List FOUR risk factors for skin and soft tissue infections. c. Outline what a physical examination of the skin of someone with a soft tissue and skin infection should involve. d. Name the cell that is responsible for making the vast majority of the C reactive proteins. e. Describe the triad of a RBV virus. Answer: a. • Do in a zig zag motion as this allows for a more thorough sampling. • Clean with saline and wait 1-2 minutes to dry. • Do before antibiotics. • • • b. • • • • c. • • • • • • • d. e. Transport to pathology as quickly as possible. Avoid nearby skin areas. Do not refrigerate. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. What are the features of eczema? (1.5 marks). Compare the hand hygiene and the old friend’s hypothesis. What differentiates anaphylaxis and atopic allergies? Describe the clinical features of food allergy symptoms. Explain the triggers and pathogenesis of urticaria and name one appropriate treatment. What is a positive skin prick test? What is the major draw back of using skin prick test for diagnosis? IVDU. Obesity Immunocompromised. Diabetes. Number of lesions. Colour of lesions. Tenderness. Boarders of lesions. Any secretions? Characteristics of the lesion, such as flakes. Vitals Hepatocytes. It involved pharyngitis, fever and adenopathy. 3. Answer: a. Redness, dry itchiness and oozing (blistering) that may become scaly, crusty or hardened. b. Hand hygiene hypothesis explains that lack of pathogen exposure in childhood, causes the immune system to not be fully developed as the exposure to certain pathogens causes protection against them. The old friend’s hypothesis suggests that humans over time have evolved with certain pathogens, of which without there is decreased functionality of the immune system. c. Anaphylaxis involves not cutaneous symptoms. d. Oropharyngeal pruritus’ and lip angioedema. e. Cold weather, hot temperatures, physical stress, pressure, and vibration trigger type 1 hypersensitivity. This triggers the release and activation of mast cells which means that there will be excess vasodilation. This will cause the formation of the characteristic lesions. One appropriate treatment would involve the administration of antihistamines. f. This is when an IgE antibody for a certain food is present within the blood. g. In the absence of food allergy history, it cannot be used for definite diagnosis, this is due to false positives.