Endocrine Week 2 Study Guide Questions

ENDOCRINE WEEK 2 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS -MCQ 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE about hormones? A. B. C. D. E. A steroid hormone is a hormone that is made from cholesterol. T3, T4 and catecholamines are amino acid derivative hormones. Insulin, glucagon and PTH are large peptide hormones. Estrogen, androgens Cortisol and aldosterone are considered steroid hormones. All of the above. Answer: E 2. Fiona is a 28-year-old patient who refuses to eat any protein-based food. Which of the following hormones she most likely to be deficient in? A. B. C. D. E. Androgens. Estrogen. Catecholamines. PTH. Insulin. Answer: C 3. In Riedell’s’ Thyroiditis: A. There is a production of Ig4 antibodies against the hypothalamic tissue, causing secondary hypothyroidism. B. There is a production of Ig4 antibodies against the hypothalamic tissue, causing secondary hyperthyroidism. C. There is a production of Ig4 antibodies against the thyroid tissue, causing primary hypothyroidism. D. There is a production of Ig4 antibodies against the thyroid tissue, causing primary hyperthyroidism. Answer: C 4. The hypothalamus: A. B. C. D. Is part of the limbic system to the brain. Controls functions such as temperature, thirst, sleep, memory and blood pressure. Provides a link between the endocrine and the nervous system. Secretes stimulating releasing hormones and hormones that inhibit that release of inhibiting releasing hormones. Answer: D 5. In the endocrine system there is NOT: A. 5 different cell types. B. C. D. E. F. 6 different types of hormones. 4 types of releasing hormones. 2 inhibitory releasing hormones. 2 types of nerves. 2 different secreting hormones. Answer: D (there is only 1). 6. Alice is a 33-year-old patient. She complains of pain in the posterior flank region. On investigations you find out that she has a hypersecreting adrenal tumor. Which of the following physiological functions you are least likely to observe? A. B. C. D. Decreased blood volume. Tachycardia. Dyspnoea. Decreased serum potassium. Answer: A 7. Which of the following statements if INCORRECT about food balance? A. Lateral tuberal lesions of the hypothalamus cause increased weight again as it causes damage to the satiety centre, whole medial tuberal lesions of the hypothalamus cause weight loss as it causes damage to the normal feeding centre. B. Administrating exogenous leptin for an obese patient will not be effective as over time leptin receptors become desensitised. C. A person knows when they are full due to distention and chemical contents of food causes integration signals from the gastrointestinal tract to be replayed via the vagus nerve to the NTS. D. NPY has both stimulatory and inhibitory roles. Answer: A A. None of the above Answer: E 8. Who is least a risk of iodine deficiency? A. B. C. D. A person who never eats fish. Someone who lives in low rain fall area. Someone who is lives in a mountainous area. Someone who consumes an average amount of green leave vegetables. Answer: D 9. How much iodine does a thyroid gland need a day? A. B. C. D. E. 0.5 mg 1 mg 1.5 mg 2 mg 2.5 mg Answer: B 10. What is the name of protein that pumps iodine from thyroid cells into the thyroid lumen? A. B. C. D. Na+/I-. Pendrin Follicular protein Thyroglobulin Answer: B 11. What best describes rT3? A. B. C. D. Is the most active biological version of thyroid hormones. It has no known biological activity. It is made by the condensation of T3 and T4. Has a higher affinity for iodine. Answer: B 12. If Addison’s disease is causes due to a hypothalamic lesion, which of the following hormones will NOT be affected: A. B. C. D. Cortisol Alderstone Estrogens Progesterone Answer: B 13. A characteristic trait of papillary carcinoma is: A. The presence of projections from the follicular cells, which invade into lymph vessels. B. Breakage of the fibrous capsule of the thyroid, that invade into blood vessels. C. Characteristics hurtle cells, that contain high concentrations of mitochondria and have a granular appearance. D. Altered cells that look nothing like thyroid cells, which are the most aggressive. E. Increased calcitonin deposits between the c cells of the thyroid gland. 14. In case of iodine deficiency? A. Symptoms appear immediately after iodine levels reach below normal. B. Symptoms appear 1 week after. C. In blood tests it appears immediately after, but symptom wise appears 2 months after. D. Can only be diagnosed 2 to 3 months after. Answer: D 15. In addition to the hypothalamus which other structure has an important role in controlling the sleep-wake cycle alertness? A. B. C. D. E. Cerebral cortex. Forebrain. Midbrain. Medulla Pons. Answer: A 16. Lara is a 31-year-old female who has been diagnosed with a pituitary adenoma. Patients with this condition are likely to experience clinical features due to the mass effect. One of this is it has the potential to compress on the cavernous sinus. If it so happens that the cavernous sinus is compressed which of the following is MOST likely to happen? A. B. C. D. E. Elevation of the eyes. Depression of the eyes. Adduction of the eyes. Abduction of the eyes. All of the above. Answer: E 17. Which of the following is true about the anatomy of the anterior pituitary? A. B. C. D. E. The vasculature has barrier proteins to prevent hormones from going to the unwanted places. It arises from Rathke’s pouch. It has both the supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei. It has a blood brain barrier. Arises from the diencephalon. Answer: B 18. Magnocellular inputs refer to: A. The inputs received by the anterior pituitary to allow for the synthesis of oxytocin and AVP. B. The inputs received by the posterior pituitary to allow for the synthesis of oxytocin and AVP. C. The inputs received by the anterior and posterior pituitary to allow for the synthesis of oxytocin and AVP. D. None of the above Answer: b 19. The posterior pituray does NOT involve: A. B. C. D. Large diameter nerves that release AVP and oxytocin. Small diameter nerves that stimulate Troph cells. Hormones stored in axon terminals. It does not have blood brain barrier. Answer: B. the small nerves that stimulate Troph cells, is found in the anterior NOT the posterior. 20. The majority of the pituitary tumours are: A. B. C. D. Monoclonal origin -> arise from one cell. Pluri hormonal origin -> arise from stem cells. Multiclonal origin -> arise from multiple cells. A balance between A and C Answer: A A. B. C. D. 21. Where do the hypothalamic neurons terminate and release hormones into the pituitary? Lateral eminence. Medial eminence. Anterior eminence. Posterior eminence. Answer: B 22. Which of the following statements is CORRECT about thyroid hormones? A. There is slightly more T3 than T4 bound to plasma proteins. B. The percentages of T3 and T4 bound to albumin and transthyretin is similar. C. In plasma there is a higher concentration of T3 than T4 as it acts as a pro hormone available to be converted into T4. D. T4 is responsible for most biological activity of thyroid hormones. E. The conversion of T3 into T4 takes place in the cytosol of the cell. Answer: E 23. Adam is a 43-year-old male who presents to the GP clinic. He tells you that his wife is complains of his loud snoring at night. Which endocrine pathology might light to this presentation? A. B. C. D. Acromegaly Hashimoto disease Addison’s disease Grave’s disease Answer: A 24. The structure that separates the dura matter from the pituray and also acts as an important surgical landmark is known as: A. B. C. D. E. Cavernous sinus Diaphgrama sellae Sphenoid sinus Pituitary stalk Internal carotid artery Answer: B - IMPORTANT NOTE: ALL OF THE STRUCTURES MENTIONED HAVE AN ANATOMICAL RELATION WITH THE PITUTARY. 25. Fiona has undergone radiation therapy for a brain tumor. The radiation involved administrating beam to her whole head. Which of the following hormone is most at risk of becoming deficient? A. B. C. D. T3 T4 GH Cortisol E. Prolactin Answer: C 26. The normal structure of the thyroid gland DOES NOT involve: A. B. C. D. E. 15-25g in normal healthy adults. It is found across the trachea. Lobes are separated by a fibrous septae. Septae is made of 20 to 40 unevenly dispersed follicles. Follicles range from 50 to 500 micrometres in diameter. Answer: D (the follicles are evenly distributed). 27. The normal physiology of the thyroid does NOT involve: A. B. C. D. Type II deiodinase converts T4 into T3. In the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus T3 inhibits TSH release. TSH may be inhibited by dopamine, somatostatin and glucocorticoids. The direct effects of T3 involve decrease the sensitivity of TSH and regulating T3 at the promotor site. E. The indirect effects of T3/T4 involve decrease the number of TRH receptors and the sensitivity to them. Answer: B 46. which of the following statements is INCORRECT about VIPoma? A. B. C. D. It may be in the pancreas or the lower GIT. There is a profuse watery diarrhoea, hypokalaemia, achlorhydria. It is diagnosed by measuring the VIP levels. Giving a somatostatin analogue may serve as an appropriate treatment. Answer: A (it is part of the pancreas of the upper GI not lower GI).