Factors that Influence Development | Western Sydney University - Edubirdie

University:
Western Sydney University
Course:
MEDI 2003 | Clinical Sciences 2
Academic year:

2024
Views:

231

Pages:

2
Author:

Mariam A. A.

Factors that influence development Genetics • Down syndrome – Trisomy 21 • Twin studies o Large twin cohort compared cognitive ability between DZ (dizygotic i.e. non-identical) and MZ (monozygotic i.e. identical) pairs between 5 & 12 years ▪ Strongest correlations in cognitive outcome for MZ pairs ▪ Genetics more important than environment as child gets older Parenting in early childhood • Moderates: self-regulation, empathy and relationships, language, self-care • Orphanage studies: Crèche Orphanage, Lebanon o No attention, stimulation or affection o IQ at 16yrs depending on age of adoption: ▪ <2yrs = mean IQ 100 ▪ 2-6yrs = mean IQ 80 ▪ 6yrs = mean IQ 50 o PET scans showed reduced brain metabolism o MRI scans showed significantly reduced grey-matter and white-matter volume and an enlarged amygdala o Persistently raised cortisol levels – dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis with exposure to trauma 11 Exposure to poverty • Increases exposure to trauma • Reduces protective factors • Increases child development inequalities Health and safety • Malnutrition – calories and micronutrients, inadequate cognitive stimulation, exposure to trauma 🡪 widespread suboptimal child development and adult intelligence Modern theory of development • Nature and nurture intertwined • Resilience and vulnerability factors: temperament, genetics and health, parenting and experience • Maturity • Neurodevelopment •

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