Communication - Listening

chapter 3 listening 1. hearing -The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain. 2. Listening- Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear 3. appreciative listening- Listening for pleasure or enjoyment. 4. empathic listening- Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker. 5. comprehensive listening -Listening to understand the message of a speaker. 6. critical listening- Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it. 7. spare “brain time” -The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute) 8. active listening -Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view 9. key-word outline- An outline that briefly notes a speaker’s main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form. Chapter 7 gathering materials catalogue -A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library. call number- A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves. reference work- A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers. newspaper and periodical database- A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers. Abstract- A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author. academic database- A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals. virtual library- A search engine that combines Internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data. sponsoring organization -An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet. research interview -An interview conducted to gather information for a speech. preliminary bibliography -A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic. Chapter 8 supporting your ideas 1. supporting materials -The materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony. 2. example -A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like. 3. brief example -A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point. 4. extended example- A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point. 5. hypothetical example -An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation. 6. Statistics- Numerical data. 7. Mean- The average value of a group of numbers. 8. median -The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest. 9. Mode- The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers 10. Testimony- Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point. 11. expert testimony- Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields. 12. peer testimony -Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic 13. direct quotation -Testimony that is presented word for word. 14. paraphrase -To restate or summarize a source’s ideas in one’s own words. 15. quoting out of context -Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it. Chapter 12 using language 1. denotative meaning -The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase. 2. connotative meaning- The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. 3. concrete words- Words that refer to tangible objects. 4. abstract words -Words that refer to ideas or concepts. 5. imagery -The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas. 6. simile -An explicit comparison, introduced with the word “like” or “as,” between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. 7. Cliché- A trite or overused expression. 8. Metaphor- An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word “like” or “as,” between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common. 9. rhythm -The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words. 10. parallelism -The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. 11. repetition -Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. 12. alliteration -Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. 13. antithesis -The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. 14. inclusive language- Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors. 15. generic “he”- The use of “he” to refer to both women and men chapter 13 delivery nonverbal communication- Communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words. manuscript speech- A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience. impromptu speech -A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation. extemporaneous speech -A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes. conversational quality -Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed. volume- The loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice pitch -The highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice. inflections -Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice. monotone -A constant pitch or tone of voice. rate -The speed at which a person speaks pause- A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.. vocalized pause- A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as “uh,” “er,” and “um.” vocal variety- Changes in a speaker’s rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness. pronunciation- The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language. articulation -The physical production of particular speech sounds dialect -A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary. kinesics -The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication. gestures- Motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech. eye contact- Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person. Chapter 16 speaking to persuade 1. persuasion- The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions. 2. mental dialogue with the audience -The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech. 3. target audience- The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade 4. question of fact -A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. 5. question of value- A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. 6. question of policy- A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. 7. speech to gain passive agreement- A persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy. 8. speech to gain immediate action- A persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy 9. need -The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy? 10. burden of proof -The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary. 11. plan -The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? 12. practicality -The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems? 13. problem-solution order -A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. 14. problem-cause[1]solution order -A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem. 15. comparative advantages order- A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions. 16. Monroe’s motivated sequence- A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. Chapter 17 methods of persuasion 1. ethos -The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility. 2. Credibility- The audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker’s credibility are competence and character 3. initial credibility -The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak. 4. derived credibility -The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech. 5. terminal credibility- The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech. 6. creating common ground- A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience. 7. Evidence- Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something. 8. logos -The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning 9. reasoning -The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence. 10. reasoning from specific instances -Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion. 11. reasoning from principle- Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion. 12. causal reasoning -Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. 13. analogical reasoning- Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. 14. fallacy -An error in reasoning. 15. hasty generalization- A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. 16. false cause- A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. 17. invalid analogy -An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike. 18. bandwagon -A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. 19. red herring -A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. 20. either-or- A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. 21. slippery slope- A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. 22. appeal to tradition- A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. 23. appeal to novelty- A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old. 24. pathos -The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.