Chapter : 21. Short Speech Technique

FUNDAMENTALS OF SPEECHE COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT-(CMST101) -Lecture Notes (2020) -Chapter : 21 -PRACTICALLY SPEAKING : 21.1 Short Speech Technique Prepare and deliver a twominule speech in which you ; a. develop an argument for or against the legalization of steroids. b. develop an argument from specific instances to sup. part one of these generalizations : (l) hard work leads to rewards, (2) people who agree with others become leaders, or (3) inflation will increase. c. develop an analogy to help explain one of the following concepts : teaching, research, parenting, happiness, philosophizing, therapy. d. develop a cause-effect or effectcause argument for any of the following propositions: (l) cigarette advertising should be prohibited, (2) divorces should be easier to obtain, or (3) open a retirement account now. e. develop an argument from sign to support any of the following conclusions: (l) the economic value of a college education has lessened over the last few decades, (2) exercise regularly, or (3) immigration policies need to be revised. f. select one newspaper feature (advice to the lovelorn, astrology, medical advice column, celebrity news, editorial, or letters to the editor, for example) and describe the types of evidence used 21.2 Evaluating the Adequacy of Reasoning Here are, in brief, a few arguments. Read each at them caretully and (1) identify the type of reasoning used, (2) apply the tests of adequacy discussed in this unit, and (3) indicate what could be done to make the reasoning more logical and more persuasive. 1. Dr. Manchester should be denied tenure for being an ineffective teacher. Two of my friends are in Manchester's statistics course and they hate it ; they haven't learned a thing. Manchester's student evaluation ratings are way below the department and college average, and the readings Manchester assignsare dull, difficult, and of little relevance to students. 2. The lock of success among the Martians who have settled on Earth is not difficult to explain. They simply have no ambition, no drive, no desire to excel. They'recontent to live on welfare, drink cheap wine, and smoke as much grass as they can get their hands on. 3. i went out with three people I met at clubs-they were all duds. In the club they were fine but once we got outside I couldn't even talk with them. All they knew how to do was wear freaky clothes and dance. So when Pat asked me out i said, "No." i decided it would be a waste of time. A. One recent sociological report indicates some interdsting facts about Theta Three. In Theta Three there are, as most of us know, few restrictions on premarital sexual relations. Unlike in our country, the permissive person is not looked down on. Social taboos inregard to sex are few. Theta Three also has the highe : st suicide rate in the galaxy. Suicide is not infrequent among teenagers and young adults. This condition must be changed. But, before it's changed, Life must be accorded greater meaning and significance. Social, and perhaps legal, restrictions on pre-marital sexual relations must be instituted. 5. Pat and Chris are unhappy and should probably see drate. The last time I visited, Pat told me that they iust had a big fight and mentioned that they now fight regularly. Chris spends more time with the kids than with Pat and frequently goes out after work with people fom the office. Often, Chris has told me, they sit for flours without saying a word to each other. 21:3 Analyzing Arguments with the Touimin Model An excellent way to analyze arguments is with the model developed by Stephen Toulmin, a British philosophé and. Logician. ln Toulmin's model there are three essential paris and an additional three parts that may be used depending on the argument and the audience. The three essential parts'include claim, data, and warrant. The claim is the conclusion you wish the audience to accept ; it's the proposition you want the audience to ; believe is true-or iustified or right. For example : Tuition Must be increased. The data are the facts and apinions-the evidence-used to support your claim. For example : The college hasirecently incurred vast additional expenses. The warrant is the connection leading from the data to the claim. The warrant is the principle or the reason why -the data justify (or warrant) the claim. For example: Tuition has been tn the past and is likely to continue to be the principal means by which the college pays its expenses. In addition to these three elements (which are essential to all arguments), there are three other optional elemerits that may or may not be present depending on the type ol argument advanced and the nature of the audience to be persuaded. The backing is the support for the warrant the supporting material that backs up the principle or reason ex. Pressed in the warrant. Backing is especially important if the warrant is not accepted or believed by the audioence. For example : Over the last 40 years, each time the college incurred large expenses, it raised tuition. The qualifier is the degree to which the claim is as serted ; it's an attempt to modify the strength or certainty of the claim. The qualifier is used only when the claim is Presented with less than total certainty. Examples of qualifiers include "probably," and "most likely." The reservation (or rebuttal) specifies those situations under which the claim might not be true. For example : . . . unless the college manages to secure private donations from friends and alumni. Usually these six parts of an argument are laid out indiagrammatic form to further illustrate the important relationships. See Figure 21.).1 The main value of Toulmin's system is that it provides an excellent method for analyzing arguments, which is especially appropriate to the public speaking situation. The following questions may also help you to analyze the validity and possible effectiveness of your arguments : l. Are the data sufficient to) ustify the claim ? What additional data are needed ? 2. is the claim properly (logically) qualified ? Is the claim presented with too much certainty ? 3. Is the warrant adequate to testify the claim on the basis of the data ? Does the audience accept the warrant or will it need backing ? What other warrants might be utilized ? 4. Is the backing sufficient for accepting the warrant ? Will the audience accept the backing ? What further support for the warrant might be used ? 5. Are the essential reservations stated ? What other reservations might the audience think of that should be included here ? Test your understanding of these six elements of the Toulmin model by identifying which element each of the following statements represents. They're presented here In random order. 1. Cicero College must adopt a policy of training all its students in computer literacy. 2. Employers are demanding computer literacy far all positions. 3. This new emphasis must take place as soon as possible. c. analyze the appeals used an a typical cover of issue of the National Enquirer, the star, or the globe. d. use at least three motivationol appeals Of the following propositions : (1) buy this used car, (2) give to AIDS research, (3) make meditation a part of your day, (4) buy generic, or (5) join a gym.