University:
Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools
Course:
AP Biology
Academic year:

2015
Views:

345

Pages:

57
Author:

samantot3vn4

Biological Macromolecules They’re Organic!!! What’s an organic molecule??  Compounds made up of hydrocarbons   Carbon and Hydrogen atoms!! Living/once living (YOU are Organic!)  (Not CO2. It’s a gas!!!!!) There are four classes of biological macromolecules we will be looking at: Proteins First – Let’s Concentrate on Lipids these three! Carbohydrates Nucleic acids (This will be last) A very, very large molecule!! Biological Macromolecule All biological macro-molecule are organic, meaning they all contain hydrocarbons…Carbon atoms (with attached Hydrogens!) Other elements may include Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur Macromolecules  We’re looking at “Mono” means one SO… a polymer is made up of many monomers!! Polymer Analogies EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER Ladder ? String of Pearls Necklace ? Answers EXAMPLE of POLYMER Ladder MONOMER Necklace Each Pearl Each Rung Can you think of a polymer?? What monomers make it up?? ALL four can be found in food!! Think about it!! Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules are labeled!! (0 grams in this product) 1____________________ (13 grams in this product) 2____________________ (9 grams in this product) 3____________________ On to Our First Biomolecule!! Carbohydrates!! Carbohydrates C, H, O SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES They are the main source of energy for the body ! Simple sugars Monosaccharide Glucose, for example (Yes it IS a monomer!!), is the main product of photosynthesis!! C6H12O6 Atoms: C, H, O COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES  Long-term storage for energy  Polysaccharides polymers  Below  made up of glucose is a part of the polymer starch!! Starch Continued Found in: Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) Tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch. Cellulose ** ALSO a glucose polymer **Offers the plant support ** Energy storage ** Makes up cell wall ** Food source for seeds and plant bulbs Glycogen in Animals **A branched polymer made up of numerous glucose monomers **Long-term energy storage found in the liver ** Quickly broken down into glucose for immediate energy Complex Carbs and Energy  Starches, Cellulose and Glycogen are broken down by proteins called enzymes (remember digestion in lysosomes!!??.....similar concept!)  Broken down into their monomers  Glucose  Glucose is further broken down during cellular respiration in the mitochondria for energy  About 36 ATP molecules of energy per each glucose molecule!!! Lipids Mostly C,H and some O STORED ENERGY  Broken down for energy They INSULATE the body to help maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection. Include waxes, Oils include steroids such as cholesterol and the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone Anabolic steroids build muscle They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes! THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy, cushion… Remember the cell membrane?  PhosphoLIPID bilayer of the cell membrane? The fatty acid tails are lipids!  It’s semi-permeable, allowing only certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell. LIPIDS Fat Made up of fatty acid monomers – Glycerides that have a Glycerol Backbone (Circled) and a Fatty Acid Tail(s) Mostly C, H with some O Triglycerides Glycerol Group with 3 Fatty Acid Chains This is a triglyceride molecule NOW ONTO PROTEINS They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them They make up antibodies in the immune system They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions They makeup non-steriod hormones which THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS” Proteins Made up of Mostly C, H, O and N (Some Sulfur) Proteins Proteins Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids) Hair, Skin, and Nails Microscope View of Skin and Nails This is skin This is a nail Made up of Amino Acid Monomers!!! **Remember protein synthesis???? Transcription and translation? **A peptide bond bonds amino acids together **Creates a polypeptide The shapes of Proteins Determines it’s Function Amino Acids !!! Ribosomes are Proteins that are Involved in Creating Proteins!! Insulin  Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas  Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles  Diabetes is a condition when a person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Hemoglobin  A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen **Antibodies are part of the immune system. **When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. **White Blood cells destroy the invaders (hopefully) Enzymes  Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below)  Re-usable  Molecule specific – like a lock and key  -Example: ONLY Lactase will break down lactose. It will NEVER break down proteins Enzymes Lock and Key Model Products Substrate Enzymes  Folded specific to its function…like a lock and key model! Pepsin breaks Lactase breaks down down lactose proteins sugar Amylase breaks down amylose Which substrate can be reduced by the enzyme?? Specific Enzyme Active Site Starch Simple useable sugars (product) Protein Lipid ***** Remember That Enzymes are substrate-specific !!!!! Enzymes are affected by: pH Affects Enzyme Reactivity Rate of Reaction This enzyme functions in an environment that has a pH of about 4, which is acidic 123456789 pH The 4th type is NUCLEIC ACIDS The types of Nucleic Acids DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) RNA (RiboNucleic Acid) **Monomers are called Nucleotides “DNA” is short for Deoxyribonucleic Acid **Your genetic makeup!! “DNA” is short for Ribonucleic Acid **Works with DNA to create proteins  Single-Stranded  Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)  Remember NO Thymine (T)  Ribose sugar RNA DNA  DoubleStranded double helix  Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)  Remember NO Uracil (U)  Deoxy-ribose sugar Remember How DNA and RNA Molecules are Involved in Protein Synthesis?? Transcription and Translation? *DNA *mRNA *At ribosome *tRNA Brings in Amino Acids *Amino Acids form the protein (a polypeptide)