Goal 4: Biology Answers

Goal 4: Learner will develop an understanding of the unity and diversity of life. 25-30% 4.01 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships. (Historical development and changing nature of classification systems, similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, similarities and differences among the eukaryotic kingdoms, classifying organisms using a key) 1. In the times of Linnaeus, he used ANATOMYbinomial nomenclature to classify organisms. In the time of technology, now we mostly use DNA technology, molecular clocksAND ANATOMYand cladistics to classify organisms. (Chapter 18) 2. Why is the current classification system continually undergoing change? Due to new DNA evidence and amino acid similarities from living and extinct organisms. Study behavior These are now used to disclose common ancestry. 3. What are the three domains proposed above the kingdom level? (Page 458/459) Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya 4. What is the current seven-level classification system? (DKPCOFGS) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus & Species (What is binomial nomenclature? A two-name naming system based in Latin to identify a single organism. 6. How do you write a “scientific name?” All in italics or underlined with the Genus FIRST LETTER capitalized and the species in lowercase. 7. What is a cladogram? What are derived characters? (Page 453) A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms. Derived characters are characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but nOT in its older members. 8. DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify organisms. They try to determine a “common ancestry.” 9. To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree, which pairs of organisms are most closely related? Any pairs of animals closest on the tree. 10. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish? lungfish 11. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to? LIZZARDS,SNAKES, CROCODILES AND birds 12. Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms. Archaea Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Eukaryotic or Prok Prok Euk Euk Euk Euk prokaryotic Multicellular Single Single Both Both Multi Multi or single-celled Sexual or Asexual Asexual Both Both Both Both asexual reproduction Autotrophic or heterotrophic Aerobic or anaerobic Both Both Both Hetero Auto Hetero AN AE AE AE AE AE Cell walls or no cell walls Yes Yes Maybe Yes Yes No Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left. 1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2 b. leaf is broad……… go to 5 2. a. needles are short ....go to 3 b. needles are long…...go to 4 3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock 13. What am I? b. underside of needles silver ..balsam 4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine pitch pine b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine 5. a. edge of leaf round…go to 6 b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7 6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen b. no minty odor…..laurel 4.02 Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following groups accomplish essential life functions including… 14, 15, 16. Fill in the charts below showing how various groups of organisms accomplish the life functions listed. Annelid worms (Pages 695-696), Insects (Pages 716-718), Amphibians (Pages 784-787), Mammals (822-827), Gymnosperms (Pages 566-568), Angiosperms (569-572), Non-vascular Plants (Pages 556-559) Transport of materials Excretion Respiration Regulation Nutrition Reproduction Protists diffusion Annelids CLOSED CIRCULATORYTrue coelom Digestive-anus Nitrogen-nephridia Gas exchange through moist skin Brain and nerve cords ganglia Heterotrophic-filter feeder to predators External fertilization and seperate sexes Insects Open circulatoryTRUE COELOM Malphighian tubules Tracheal tubes Brain and nerve cords ganglia Heterotrophic Transport of materials Amphibians Cardiovascular system Sexual INTERNAL FERTALIZATION Metamorphosis Mammals Cardiovascular system Excretion Cloaca, KIDNEY Kidneys,anus,cloaca Growth and development Respiration Occurs through skin and gills LUNGS ectothermic lungs heterotrophic Reproduction Filter feeders,herbivores. carnivores External ferti Growth and development metamorphosis Placental FOR MOST SPECIES Regulation Nutrition endothermic INTERNAL FERT. Transport of materials Non-vascular Plants Osmosis Gymnosperms Xylem and phloem Angiosperms Xylem and phloem Excretion N/A N/A N/A ROOTS FOR MINERALS SEXUAL/ NAKED SEED ROOTS FOR MINERALS SEXUAL/ SEED IN FRUIT ENDOSPERM OR COTYLEDON PROVIDE FOOD Respiration Regulation Nutrition Reproduction SEXUAL Growth and development 17. Compare the following two types of cells. (Page 459) Prokaryotic Membrane-bound organelles NO Ribosomes YES Types of chromosomes Loose Size Small Eukaryotic YES YES Found in a nucleus Large 4.3 Describe and explain adaptations affecting survival and reproductive success (structural adaptations in plants and animals, disease-causing viruses and microorganisms, co-evolution) 18. Label the following parts on the flower and give their functions: Stigma, style, ovary, petal, sepal, anther, filament Stigma – Female part of the flower – captures pollen Style – Female part of the flower – transmits pollen to ovary Petal – Nonsexual part of the flower – attracts pollinators Sepal – Nonsexual part of the flower – protects petals Anther – Male part of the flower – attaches pollen granules Filament – Male part of the flower – stalk that supports pollen Ovary- Contains OVULE WHICH CONTAINS Egg Cells 19. Fill in the following charts with the information required. Feeding Adaptations Protists Animal-like, Fungus-like, and Plant-like, covers the canvas of feeding Annelid worms Heterotrophic Insects Heterotrophic Amphibians Heterotrophic Mammals Heterotrophic Adaptations to life on Land Protists Reproduction Adaptations Asexual & Sexual Annelid worms Asexual & Sexual NO Legs, respiration through skin Insects Mostly Sexual Amphibians Mostly Sexual 6Legs, RESPIRATION VIA TRACHEAL TUBES AND SPIRACLES, URIC ACID FOR N WASTES Legs, metamorphosis, lungs Mammals Sexual Non-vascular plants Gymnosperms Asexual & Sexual Internal Fertilization UREA FOR NITROGEN WASTES, AMNIONIC EGG Uses water for external fertilization MOSTLY Sexual Uses a hard cone structure for reproduction Angiosperms Mostly Sexual Uses a fleshy fruit to entice animals for reproduction Viruses: (Page 479) 20. Describe the basic structure of a virus. What is it made of? A protein coat and NUCLEIC ACID. A core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat 21. What is the relationship between disease and mutations in the agents that cause disease? Mutations lead resistance to drugs. 22. For the following diseases, give the agent and the symptoms. Type of pathogen Symptoms of Disease HIV Virus Supresssed Immune system due to failure of T-helper cells. Influenza Virus Smallpox Virus Body aches, fever, sore throat, nasal congestion, headache. Cough, fatigue High fever, fatigue, head and back aches, rash Streptococcus (Strep Throat) Bacteria Fever. Sore throat, swollen glands 23. What is meant by coevolution? Where two different species evolve in tandem through mutualisitic goals with one another. (A.k.a. if made for one another.) 24. Give an example of a flowering plant and a pollinator and then describe how coevolution works. (How does it ensure the survival of a species?) the orchid that looks like a female bee to lure the males to try to have sex with it in order to pollinate. 4.04 Analyze and explain the interactive role of internal and external factors in health and disease (genetics, immune response, nutrition, parasites, and toxins) 25. Explain the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria. In a hertozygous form the sickle cell gene provides resistance to malaria 26. Explain the relationship between lung and mouth cancer and tobacco use. The tobacco is a carcinogen that can lead to uncontrolled cell growth 27. Explain the relationship between skin cancer, vitamin D, folic acid and sun exposure. Sun burns destoy folic acid in the skin which helps prevent cancer. The skin needs sun to make vitamin D 28. Explain the relationship between diabetes, diet/exercise, and genetics. Potential for diabetes can be genetic and good diet and exercise can help maintain health blood glucose levels. TWO TYPES OF DIABETES. TYPEII DIABETES HAS A GREATER GENETIC, DIET AND EXERCISE COMPONENT. TYPE I DIABETES (JUVENILE) IS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE OF UNKNOWN CAUSES WHERE THE PART OF THE PANCREAS THAT MAKES INSULIN IS DESTROYED. 29. Explain the relationship between PKU and diet. A person with PKU must be on a low phenylalanine diet to make up for the lack of enzyme production that breaksdown phenylalanine. THIS IS AN INHERITED GENETIC DISEASE. Immune Response (Chapter 40) 30. What are some of the non-specific first lines of defense? Mucus, Skin, 31. What are some of the non-specific second lines of defense? __inflammatory response, white blood cells 32. What is Humoral Immunity? What type of cell does it involve? What do they produce? B cells, antibodies Immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids. B cells. 33. What do B cells produce? Plasma cells and memory B cells 34. What is happening at letter C? Antibodies are attacking the pathogens 35. What is the function of helper T-cells? They activate killer T cells and produce memory T cells 36. What is the function of killer T-cells? Track down and kill pathogens 37. What is the function of suppressor T-cells? Shut down killer T cells when the job is done 38. What kind of cells are produced at letter D that keep you from becoming re-infected? (Secondary infection?) Memory B Cells 39. What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity? Active is the body's response to vaccines. Passive is the injection of other animals antibodies 40. Explain what vaccines do to the immune system. They induce the body's development of antibodies 41. Are antibiotics used against viruses? What is used against viruses? No, they only work against bacteria. You need anti-viral meds against viruses. Health and Nutrition 42. What type of diet contributes to optimal health? (High in what and Low in what?) High in fiber/protein, low in fat. Balanced diet. High-carbs and fruits and vegetables Low- fats oils and sweets 43. What type of diet contributes to obesity? Diabetes? (Page 1008) High in sugar (see question 42.) high in complex carbohydrates and low in saturated fats. 44. What type of diet contributes to malnutrition? A lack of vitamins and minerals 45. What happens when someone is deficient in Vitamin C? Scurvy Vitamin D? Rickets Vitamin A? 46. What are some of the concerns over skin cancer, folic acid and sun exposure? (Pages 974) same as 27 47. What are some of the concerns over lung and mouth cancer from tobacco use? (Pages 962) same as 28 Parasites (Malaria) 48. Describe the life cycle of the malarial parasite. (Page 503) What is the vector? What are the symptoms? What are the treatments? Mosquitoes severe chills and fever drugs, NO vaccine KNOWN, and mosquitoes control Environmental Toxins 49. Explain the effects on human health of: Lead: _increased blood pressure, anemia, brain and kidney damage, LOW IQ Mercury: brain damage, blindness, seizures 4.05 Analyze the broad patterns of animal behavior as adaptations to the environment. 50. What is a stimulus? What is a response? (Page 871) any kind of signal that carries information and can be detected. Response – a reaction to a stimulus 51. Why is it important that organisms are able to respond to their environment and surroundings? Allows for interaction with the environment and increased fittness. 52. What are some ways that animals communicate? (Pages 881-882) visual signals, chemical signals, sound signals, language. 53. Compare and contrast classical conditioning and operant conditioning. (Pages 874-875) classical is based on punishment and reward - Operant is based on repeated behavior. 54. What is habituation? Why is it good for the animal and evolution as a whole? The process by which animals decrease or stop response to repetitive stimulus that niether rewards or harms. Decreases use of unnecessary expense of energy. 55. What is imprinting? Why is this important? (Page 876) recognizing and following the first thing a baby sees to move. It keeps young animals close to their mothers 56. Describe insight learning and explain which type of species has this kind of behavior. (Page 875) Reasoning. The ability to apply something learned to a new situation. Comman among humans and other primates. 57. Complete the following Chart of Animal Behavior. (Chapter 34) Type of Behavior Explanation of Behavior Survival Value of Behavior Suckling Allows for newborns to get nutrition This is when an organism is born knowing how to ‘suckle’ or obtain milk from its mother. Insects moving away Positive Phototaxis and Negative Feeding and protection or toward light Phototaxis Migration Estivation Hibernation Habituation Imprinting Classical conditioning Trial and error Communication using pheromones Courtship dances This is when organisms move from one place to another periodically, generally in response to temperature or food availability. This is when an organism goes dormant for a long period of time to escape hot temperatures. This is when an organism goes dormant for a long period of time to escape cold temperatures. This is when an organism learns to ignore a stimulus because it is repetitive and is not providing any valuable information. This instinctive behavior is when some baby bird species will follow the first moving object they see, usually the mother. Any time an animal learns to make a connection between a certain behavior and a given reward or punishment. When faced with two choices, an organism can learn to choose the option with the best reward. Chemical signals When an individual performs some ritual – either sounds, visual display, pheramones, etc. – in order to attract a mate. Territoriality This is when an organism will defend or mark a defined living space. 58. Which of the above behaviors are innate (or instinct)? All but those listed in 59 59. Which of the above behaviors are learned? Classical conditioningHABITUATION and trial and error Maintaining food source/ GOOD BREEDING Surviving extreme conditions (hot) Surviving extreme conditions (cold) Conservation of energy Keeps newborn close to mother for food and protection Allows animal to make beneficial choices same Increases fitness through mating same Decreases competition 60. Which of the above behaviors are social? Courtship and territoriality AND SOME MIGRATION