Maps, Scale, and Spatial Concepts in Human Geography

AP Human Geography ADP:Maps,Scale,Space,Place Term Definition The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length such as a mile or Absolute Distance kilometer Absolute location The exact position of an object or place, measured within some other place Accessibility The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place Azimuthal Projection A map projection in which the plane is the most develop-able surface The outer edge of a city's sphere of influence, used in the law of retail gravitation to Breaking Point describe the area of a city's hinterlands that depends on the city for it's retail supply A type of thematic map that transforms such space such that the political unit with Cartogram the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values Choropleth Map per unit area An image o a portion of the earth's surface that an individual creates in his or her mind. Cognitive maps can include knowledge of actual locations and relationships Cognitive Map between locations as well as personal perceptions and preferences of particular places The actual or potential relationship between two places usually referring t economic Complementarity interactions Connectivity The degree of economic, social, cultural r political connection between two places. the spread of a disease, innovation or cultural traits through direct contact with Contagious Diffusion another person or place A standard grid composed of lines of latitude and longitude used to determine the Coordinate System absolute location of any object, place. or feature on the earth's surface. The decrease in interaction between two phenomenon places or people as the Distance decay Effect distance between them increases. Thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations Dot maps or occurrences, such as crimes, car accidents or births. The spread of ideas, innovations, fashion or other phenomenon to surrounding areas Expansion Diffusion through contact and exchange A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two Friction of Distance places A type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses Fuller projection but completely rearranges direction such that the four cardinal directions no longer have any meaning The actual shape of the earth which is round and oblate, or slightly squashed; the Geoid earths circumference is longer around the equator then it is around the meridians, from north south circumference A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places Gravity Model based on the size of their populations and their distance form each other Anything in the landscape, real or perceived, that is potentially threatening. Hazards Hazards are usually avoided in spatial behavior a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. An Urban geography is usually involved Hierarchical Diffusion encouraraging leapfrogging (often through media) of innovations over wide areas, with geographi The line of longitude that marks where each new day begins entered on the 180th International Date Line meridian The idea that one place has a demand for some god or service and two places have a Intervening Opportunities supply of equal price and quantity, then the closer of the two suppliers to the buyer will represent an intervening opportunity, thereby blocking the third form being able Isoline Map line that connects points of equal or very similar values A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. Large scale maps usually Large Scale have a higher resolution and cover much smaller regions than small scale maps. Environmental Determinism (Environmentalism) The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development. Law that states that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business because larger cities have a wider influence on the hinterlands that surround them. On a map, a chart or graph that gives specific statistical information of a particular Location charts political nit or jurisdiction The angular distance east or west of the prime meridian, defined by lines of longitude Longitude or meridians A mathematical method that involves transferring the earth's sphere onto a flat Map Projection surface. The term can also be used to describe the type of map that results from the process of projecting. All map projections have distortions in either area, direction, d A true conformal cylindrical map projection particularly good for navigation because Mercator projection it maintains accurate direction. A line of longitude that runs north-south. All lines of longitude are equal in length and Meridian intersect at the poles A simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify casual relationships and to Model help geographers explain patterms , make decisions and predict future behaviors Preference Map A map that displays individual preferences for certain places. An imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England which Prime meridian marks 0 degree of longitude A thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol such as a circle or a triangle Proportional Symbols map indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographic region. A map type that shows reference information for a particular place making it useful Reference Map for finding landmarks and for navigating. A measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute Relative Distance distance separating two places. Often relative distance describes the amount of social, cultural or economic connectivity between two places. Relative location The position of a place relative to the places around it. The diffusion of ideas, innovations, behaviors, and the like form one place to another Relocation diffusion through migration A maps smallest discernible unit. If an object has to be one kilometer long in order to Resolution show up on a map then the maps resolution is said to be one kilometer. Projection that attempts ti balance several possible projection errors. It does not Robinson Projection maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance or direction but minimizes errors in each. The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of the same area on Scale the earth's surface. The absolute location of a place described by local relief, landforms and other cultural Site or physical characteristics The relative location of a place in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics Situation of the surrounding area and the connections and interdependencies within that system; a place's spacial context Map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to the units on the earth is quite Small Scale small. Small scale maps usually depict large areas. Spacial diffusion refers to the ways in which phenomenon such as tech innovations, Spacial Diffusion cultural trends or even outbreaks of disease, travel over space A type of map that displays one or more variables -such as population or income level Thematic Maps - within a specific area The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology Time Space Convergence enables more rapid communication and increased interaction between those places Maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations. If you took a topographic Topographic maps map out into a field and walked exactly along the path of an isoline you would always stay at the same elevation The amount of connectivity between places regardless of the absolute distance Topological Space separating them Transferability The costs involved in moving goods from one place to another Use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps some of which are Visualization 3-D Law of retail gravitation Cultural Landscape Arithmetic density Physiologic Density Demographic transition model The forms & artifacts sequentially imprinted on the physical landscape by human occupants; the physical landscape is modified into a cultural landscape forming an interacting unity between the two. The population of a region expressed as a average per unit area.( population divided by number of square miles The number of people per unit area of arable land changes in populaiton growth in industrializing countries; high birth and death rates followed by plunging death ratesresult-huge population gain followed by convergence of birth and death rates at low level Epidemiological Transition ? Model Gravity Model ? Explains the location of ag activities in a commercial, profit making economy. Spatial Von Thunene Model competition allocates farming activities into rings around central mkt city with profit earning capability the determining force in how far crops locate from mkt. Weber Model ? Rostow -Stages of Growth ? Burgess- Concentric Circle Model of American City:5 land use rings around center city mid 20th century American city: Several land use zones arranged around nuclear Multiple Nuclei growth points Cristaller-Central Place Model for how and where central places in urban heirarchy would be functionally and Theory spatially distributed with respect to one another.