AP Human Geography Unit 4: Political Organizations and Boundaries

AP Human Geography Unit #4 "Political." Term African Union (AU) What is the goal of the African Union (AU)? Antecedent Boundary Apartheid What are two main consequences of the apartheid system in Africa? Arctic Council Who is in the Arctic Council? What is their purpose? [cont.] Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) [cont.] Who is in ASEAN? What is their purpose? Autonomous Region Choke Point What are some examples of choke points? Colonialism When did the majority of the world's colonies gain their independence? Explain the impact that British colonialism has had on its former colonies. Consequent Boundary Decolonization Relative Info The African Union (AU) is an organization composed of all 55 member states that make up the African continent. It was officially launched in 2002 as the successor of the Organization of African Unity (OAU, 1963-1999). The AU aims to protect the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of the countries in Africa. Furthermore, it promotes economic development for the growth of Africa as a whole. Antecedent boundaries are drawn across an area before it is well populated, or, before most of the cultural landscape features were put in place. Ex. the land separating the United States and Canada,, the Missouri River in North Dakota. Apartheid was a political and social system in South Africa during the era of White minority rule. It enforced racial discrimination against non-Whites, mainly focused on skin color and facial features. Racism is still prevalent in present-day South Africa, along with the other consequences of the large generation of maladjusted children. This includes numerous psychological disorders, primarily due to conflicts, discrimination, and poverty. The leading intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States, Arctic indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues. The Arctic Council includes the United States, Russia, Sweden, Norway Iceland, Finland, Denmark, and Canada. The Arctic Council promotes coordination, cooperation, and peaceful interaction among all in the Arctic region. ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration). The members of ASEAN are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malasia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. An autonomous region is an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority. It is typical for it to be geographically distant from the country, or to be populated by a national minority. Ex. Greenland A geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or a bridge or at sea such as a strait, which an armed force is forced to pass, sometimes on a substantially narrower front and therefore greatly decreasing its combat power, to reach its objective. a. The Bering Strait (United States & Russia) b. Strait of Hormuz (Persian Gulf & Gulf of Oman) c. Strait of Gibraltar (Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean) d. Bosporus and Dardanelles (Multiple straits leading to Turkey) The attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. Ex. the Philippines,, Guam,, and Panama Canal Zone A majority of the world's colonies gained their independence between 1945 and 1960. Britain pushed their political, cultural, and economic principles onto the lands that they colonized. They also eradicated many local languages and practices. Consequent boundaries are culturally defined political boundaries, such as those determined by the spatial patterns of religion or language. Ex. Boundaries between former Yugoslavia, former Czechoslovakia, and current Nunavut and Quebec. Decolonization is the acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory. When did most African countries receive their independence? Most African countries received their independence in the mid-tolate 1950's. A demilitarized zone is an area in which treaties or agreements Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between nations, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities or personnel. What is the DMZ in Korea? Describe the The DMZ in Korea is a line that separates the North and the South. It is heavily guarded by the North side, and is often described as "one of DMZ in Korea. the scariest places on Earth" by tourists. Democratization is the transition to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political changes moving in a Democratization democratic direction. One main cause of democratization in a country is economic development. Devolution is the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, Devolution especially by central government to local or regional administration. Beginning in the 1960's, the federal government of Canada has How is Nunavut an example of devolution? gradually been transferring responsibilities to territorial governments in Nunavut. An enclave is a portion of territory within or surrounded by a larger Enclave territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct. Ex. Hopi Reservation inside the Navajo Nation An exclave is strip of land that belongs to an entity (like a country or a Exclave region) but that is not connected to it by land (islands are not counted). Ex. Alaska of the United States Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic, racial and/or religious groups from a given territory by a more powerful Ethnic Cleansing ethnic group, often with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous. Ex. Jews in Germany,, Rohingyas in Myanmar The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The purpose of the EU is European Union (EU) to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the European Union. A federal state, also known as a federation, is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, Federal State or other regions under a central federal government. Ex. Australia,, Canada,, Mexico,, Germany,, India,, the US Geometric boundaries are formed by arcs or straight lines irrespective of the physical and cultural features of the land it passes Geometric Boundary through. Ex. 49th Parallel,, the line between Mexico and Guatemala,, the line between Canada and the US Gerrymandering is the practice intended to establish a political Gerrymandering advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating district boundaries. Imperialism involves a policy or ideology of extending a country's rule Imperialism over foreign nations, often by military force or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. International waters are located outside any nation's territorial International Waters waters. Ultimately all waters that are at least 200 nautical miles away from the nearest land. Irredentism is the assertion by the government of a country that has a Irredentism minority living outside its formal borders belongs to it historically and culturally. Ex. Crimea and Albania Multinational states are sovereign states that comprises two or more Multinational State nations or states. Ex. Ghana,, Kenya,, Nigeria,, South Africa,, Bolivia,, Former USSR Multi-State nations are nations that operate more than one state Multi-State Nations within its borders. Ex. (North and South) Korea,, Germany A nation is a culturally distinctive group of people occupying a specific territory and bound together by a sense of unity arising from shared Nation ethnicity, beliefs, and customs. Ex. Basques,, Scots,, Norwegians,, Palestinians,, Hmong Chinese,, the Kurds A nation-state is a state in which the great majority shares the same culture and are conscious of it. The nation state is an ideal in which Nation-State cultural boundaries match up with political ones. Ex. Iceland,, Ireland,, Tunisia,, Sweden,, Greece,, Japan Neocolonialism is the practice of using capitalism, globalization and cultural imperialism to influence a developing country instead of the Neocolonialism previous colonial methods of direct military control or indirect political control. France accounts for over a quarter of Algerian trade, while Algeria What is an example of neocolonialism? accounts for less than 1% of France's trade, which depicts a form of economic control. NATO is an international alliance that consists of 30 member states [cont.] North Atlantic Treaty Organization from North America and Europe. It was established at the signing of (NATO) the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949. purpose involves the economic security and good relations What is the purpose of the North Atlantic NATO's between its encapsulated countries. Furthermore, it guarantees the Treaty Organization (NATO)? freedom of its member states through political and military means. Reapportionment is the process of allocation electoral seats to geographical areas. For example, the reapportionment due to the Reapportionment 2010 Census change in the US electoral map led to less seats in the South and West and more seats in the North and East. Redistricting is the process of drawing electoral district boundaries in Redistricting the United States. State legislatures and advisory committees are responsible for drawing congressional districts in most US states. Relic boundaries are former boundary lines that no longer function as such, yet are still marked by some landscape features or differences Relic Boundary on the two sides. Ex. the divisions between West and East Germany,, West and East Berlin,, and Ireland A satellite state is a country which is formally independent but which is primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power. Many Satellite State former communist countries in Europe were satellite states to the Soviet Union. The process by which a country determines its own statehood and Self-Determination forms its own allegiances and government. Ex. Puerto Rico A zone of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural Shatter Belt groups. The right of individual states to control political and economic affairs Sovereignty within their territorial boundaries without external interference. A centralized authority that enforces a single political, economic, and legal system within its territorial boundaries. Often synonymous with State the term "country." Ex. The United States is a "state" but is not a "nation" or a "nation-state." An ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is Stateless Nation not the majority population in any nation state. Ex. The Kurds, Hmong Chinese, Basque people, and people of Palestine. A boundary drawn after the development of a place's cultural Subsequent Boundary landscape. Ex. Northern Ireland and Ireland,, India and Pakistan The right to vote in public, political elections. Ex. New Zealand, Europe, and North America were the first to allow women to vote Suffrage (1906-1946.) Central and South America followed suit (1929-1961.) Then followed SE Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Occurs when states willingly relinquish some degree of sovereignty in order to gain the benefits of belonging to a larger political-economic Supranationalism entity. Ex. The United Nations,, NATO,, European Union,, Arctic Council An individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered partially or wholly an exclusive Territoriality domain; the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory. Ex. Russia-Ukraine War/Invasion The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against Terrorism civilians, in pursuit of political aims. Theocracy A government guided by religion. Ex. Vatican City and the Pope Unitary State The United Nations (UN) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Superimposed Boundary Centripetal Forces Centrifugal Forces City State Why were Korea and Vietnam viewed as shatterbelts during the Cold War? Which of the following describes typical characteristics of federal states? A unitary state has a central government that dictates the degree of local or regional autonomy and the nature of local governmental units. It often has few cultural conflicts and a strong sense of national identity. Ex. China,, Japan,, North Korea An intergovernmental organization, with 153 members, responsible for maintaining international peace and security, ensuring friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and being a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. UNCLOS is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, which took place between 1973 and 1982. A boundary that is forced onto a place by an outside force, often a treaty. It may not reflect the existing cultural landscaoe. Ex. Most African Countries Brings people together and toward a place. Ex. Strong Centralized Government,, Religious Diversity,, Diverse Ethnic Populus,, and Developed Infrastructure. Also,, Germany since the 1990's and Japan since the 1960's. Steer people away and push them apart. Ex. Rugged Landscape/Topography,, Weak Government,, Economic Crisis,, Political Uprisings. Also,, Korea in the 1950's,, Vietnam in the 1970's,, Cyprus in the 1970's,, Czechoslovakia in 1993,, Caucausus in 1990's. A city with its surrounding area that forms an independent state. Ex. Vatican City and Monaco e. Korea and Vietnam experienced conflict due to a dispute between global powers. e. A large land area and multiple ethnic groups.