Agricultural Practices and Land Use

Definitions for Topics 5.1-5.12 Term Definition The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation agriculture of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. Exploitation of land for agricultural, industrial, residential, recreational, or other land-use patterns purposes. intensive farming farming that requires a lot of labor to produce food Southern Europe, Southern California, Southern Africa -Grows olives, grapes, fruits, Mediterranean Farming vegetables -Commercial -Extensive The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold Market gardening directly to local consumers. Growing specialized crops such as bananas, coffee, and cacao in tropical developing Plantation agriculture countries, primarily for sale to developed countries. mixed crop and livestock Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the farming crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans. agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and extensive farming practices an capital, relative to the land area being farmed. A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to shifting cultivation another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. Usually in a tropical climate nomadic migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage herding/pastoralism ranching A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area. milk shed The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. feed lots confined spaces in which cattle and hogs have limited movement double cropping Harvesting twice a year from the same field. settlement patterns the spatial distribution of where humans inhabit the Earth farms, villages, or towns that have any of the following patterns- dispersed, rural settlement patterns clustered, or linear A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions metes and bounds and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land. rigid grid-like pattern used to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across township and range farmlands long-lot survey system divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space to limit Greenbelt the sprawl of an urban area plowed but not seeded; inactive; reddish-yellow; land left unseeded; to plow but not fallow seed a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and Enclosure Acts common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common. animal domestication When animals are tamed and used for food and profit. A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle Fertile Crescent from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas Columbian Exchange and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant First Agricultural Revolution Dating domestication and animal domestication. Move from hunters and gatherers to (Neolithic) farming Second Agricultural Revolution dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm products. Third Agricultural Revolution/Green Revolution movement in agriculture characterized by the use of high yield seeds and fertilizers High-yield seeds Mechanized farming Subsistence agriculture Commercial agriculture Monocropping Bid-rent Theory Agribusiness Carrying capacity Economies of Scale Von Thunen Model Isotropic Supply chain Export Commodity Infrastructure Desertification Soil salinization Slash and burn Terracing Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Biodiversity Urban farming Organic farming Fair trade Value-added crops Food insecurity Food desert Aquaculture Luxury crops Cool chains Subsidies Breeding together 2+ seeds that have desirable characteristics to create higher yields replacing animal and human labor with machine labor farmers raise food for themselves and their close community farmers focus on raising crops/animals to sell for profit raising a single crop year to year theory that describes that relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation integration of various steps in the food processing industry; includes production, transportation, marketing, retail, research and development, etc. number of species that an area can support cost reductions that occur when a product is produced in large quantities a model that suggests that perishability of the product and transport costs to the market each factor into the location of agricultural land use and activity flat, featureless landscape the network involved in the production and distribution of a commodity goods that are shipped to another country a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold systems in place that allow a country to function, including roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc. transition of land from fertile to desert the process by which water soluble salts build up in the soil, which limits the ability of crops to absorb water vegetation in an area is cut down and burned in place; the ash provides nutrients and the land can be farmed for a few years farmers building a series of steps into the side of a hill creating flat surfaces on which to grow plants and animals modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species the variety of organisms living in a location growing or producing food in an urban area agriculture that is practiced without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides agreements between retailers adn producers that promote higher incomes for producers and more sustainable farming pratices a change in the physical state or form of the product (such as milling wheat into flour or making strawberries into jam); the production of a product in a manner that enhances its value (such as organically produced products) the disruption of food intake because of poor access to food aera where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water crops not essential to huan survivial but that have a high profit margni; coca, coffee, tea, bananas, pineapple transportation chains networks that keep food cool throughout a trip financial support provided to farmers/producers by the government to ensure affordable food for consumers