University:
York University
Course:
SC/BIOL 2021 | Cell Biology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

470

Pages:

2
Author:

Nick T.

Carbohydrates Summary -used for energy -Markers for cell recognition Composed of C, H, O - Building blocks Monomers: Monosaccharides Cone sugar] Monosaccharides: One Sugar Disaccharides Two Suga Oligio Saccharides, few suger Tri Saccharrides Three Sugar Polysaccharide - Many Sugars * Sugars + Proteins Sugars Lipids + glycoprotein Main Structure Hexose * →glycolipid. Typical Structures Position •Carbonyl group ketone or Aldehyde Aldehydes: End Ketones Middle - lots of-OH groups Isomers: Identical Chemical groups arranged differently Stereo-Somer↑ but diff orientation $ requires Chiral Centre 4 diff attach alpha and Beta Gucose CH₂OH H C₁ = Ano meric H CH2OH H HH HO H OH OH C HO CH OH alpha glucose has hydroxyl below plane of ring H Beta glucose nas hy drobyl Above plane ring. H H H Glycosidic linkages links -Covalent bonds that hold monosaccharides together and are formed through Condensation reactions (anabolic) and broken through hydrolysis (catabolic) Conden Sation Reactions Covalent bond formed btwn 2 diff molecules associated w release of water Ex Mono Sch. is losing a- and -OH to the dissh. Hydrolysis Catabdic reaction. Requires water to break Covalent beind btwn. Subunits Ex. Gaing -H and -OH mary Smonosaccharide units bonded by glycosidic linkages Starch -mix of a1-4 and 21-6 bonds 2-1-400-1-6 linkages Easily hydrolyzed to release energy Cellulose ponly has 1-4 linkages •H-bonding btun adjacent Strands •Animals dont have enzymes to break down B1-4 linkages Peptide / Phospodiester vs. Gycosidic B-1-4 Linkages •Resistant to enzyme degradatiry used for Structure! •Both through Condensation • Peptide + PDE occur @Same position in monomers • Each Sugar menemer has several -OH groups geometry of glycolic beeds is mensbel