French 1 Study Guide

FRENCH STUDY GUIDE THE BASICS PERSONAL PRONOUNS (les pronom personnel) Francais Anglais Francais Anglais Francais Anglais Je I Il/Elle He/She Vous You all Tu You (singular) Nous We Ils/Elles he/she (plural) ● ‘Vous’ is also used for respect, like if someone is older, a teacher, etc. ○ (ex. For a professor use Vous) LES ARTICLES Masc. Sing. Fem. Sing. Masc/Fem. Plur. Définis Le (the) La (the) Les (the) Indéfinis Un (one) Une (one) Des (some) ● if the singular définis articles are beside a vowel it becomes l’ (ex. l’auto) Other than this: Ce (m.s.), cette (f.s) and cet (m.s. followed by a vowel) means ‘this’ (EX. cet amie = this friend). Ces (m.p.) and cettes (f.p) means ‘these’ (ces amis = these friends) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS = PAGE 14 ADJECTIVE ENDINGS ● Adjective endings change to make them match feminine or plural nouns ● Feminine- add an ‘e’ at the end (content = contente) ○ Similar to why in Spanish, feminine words usually have an “a” at the end. ● Masculine - DO NOT ADD ANYTHING, as the normal conjugations are masc. ○ Always remember: NORMAL/ WITHOUT CONJUGATIONS IS MASCULINE ● Masc. Plural - Add an ‘s’ at the end (terrifiant = terrifiants) ● Fem. Plur. - add an ‘es’ at the end (terrifiant = terrifiantes) ● For feminine DO NOT ADD AN ‘e’ if the conjugated verb already ends with an e, unless it ends with é (EX. Il parle = elle parle) (EX. Il engagé = engagée). However there are some other cases for adjective conjugations: Ends in Example Ending for Ending for Plur. Ending for Plur. Feminine Masc. Fem. - if actif - ive - ifs - ives - eux courageux - euse - eux - euses - eur acteur - rice - eurs - rices - il gentil - ille - ils - illes - et complet - ète - ets - ètes VERY IRREGULAR CASES Masculine Feminine Plural Form Meaning form form (m/f) blanc blanche blancs/blanches white doux douce doux/douces soft, mild faux fausse faux/fausse false favori favorite favoris/favorites favourite frais fraîche frais/fraîches fresh grec grecque grecs/grecques Greek gros grosse gros/grosses big, fat long longue longs/longues long roux rousse roux/rousses red, red-haired sec sèche secs/sèches dry Masculine before a Masculine before a vowel or a consonant silent h un beau chat un bel enfant Feminine une belle femme un bel homme un vieux chat un vieil immeuble une vieille femme un vieil homme un nouveau chat un nouvel enfant une nouvelle femme un nouvel homme un chat fou un fol enfant une femme folle un fol homme ● As you can see, in the chart above this one, to make it plural you either just add an -s at the end, or nothing if it already ends with an -s or -x. To make the adjectives in this chart plural, you will follow the same rule. PLACEMENT OF ADJECTIVES Usually, Adjectives are placed after the noun in French, however, there are some cases where you place the adjective before the noun. To remember which adjectives go before the noun, use the acronym B.A.N.G.S. B - Beauty A - Age N - Number G - Goodness S- Size Joli(e)(s) Jeune(s) ANY Bon(ne)(s) Grand(e)(s) Beau Nouveau NUMBER Mauvais(e)(s) Petit(e)(s) Vieux Premier(e)(s) Meilleur(e)(s) Court(e)(s) ^ or any rank Gentil(le)(s) Long(ue)(s) Gros(se)(s) ● Here is the full list: Any number, bon/mauvais (good/bad), court/long (short/long), grand/petit (big/small), jeune/nouveau/vieux (young/new/old), gros (fat), beau (beautiful), joli (pretty), meilleur (best), any rank ---- premier (first) ○ or any rank like 2nd, 3rd, 50th, 49th, 99th, 172nd, etc. ○ They can be written alphabetically or number wise like above ■ EX. ninety-ninth / 99th = quatre-vingt-dix-neuvième / 99ème TENSES PRESENT TENSE - REGULAR VERBS (USUAL CASES) ER -parler IR - finir RE- vendre je Parle Finis Vends Tu parles Finis Vends Il/Elle/Qui/On parle Finit Vend - Nous parlons Finissons Vendons Vous parlez Finissez Vendez Ils/Elles parlent Finissent Vendent ● For RE present verbs with il/elle there is no ending. EX. it is just ‘vend’ IRREGULAR PRESENT TENSE VERBS Avoir Être Aller Faire ^to have^ ^to be^ ^to go^ ^to do^ Je ai suis vais fais Tu as es vas fais Il/Elle/Qui/On a est va fait Nous avons sommes allons faisons Vous avez êtes allez faites Ils/Elles ont sont vont font ● The first three are most commonly used but are the most irregular. More irregular present tense verb charts continue below. Vouloir Pouvoir Devoir Voir ^to want^ ^to be able to^ ^to have to^ ^to see^ Je veux peux dois vois Tu veux peux dois vois Il/Elle/Qui/On veut peut doit voit Nous voulons pouvons devons savons Vous voulez pouvez devez savez Ils/Elles veulent peuvent doivent savent ● You can start to see a pattern at the end of the verbs. In the charts below, you will see the same patterns continue, as well as some more patterns. Croire Boire Savoir Connaïtre ^to believe^ ^to drink^ ^to know ^to know something^ someone^ Je crois bois sais connais Tu crois bois sais connais Il/Elle/Qui/On croit boit sait connait Nous croyons buvons savons connaissons Vous croyez buvez savez connaissez Ils/Elles croient boivent savent connaissent Partir Venir Prendre Dormir ^to leave^ ^to drink^ ^to take^ ^to sleep^ Je pars viens prends dors Tu pars viens prends dors Il/Elle/Qui/On part vient prend dort Nous partons venons prenons dormons Vous partez venez prenez dormez Ils/Elles partent viennent prennent dorment ● The endings for prendre work for reprendre (resume), comprendre (understand), apprendre (learn), or any other words that end with prendre. (ex. Apprendre = j'apprends, vous apprenez just like for prendre it is je prends, and vous prenez) ● ^ whenever two vowels are together it becomes _’.... (like Je m’appelle) m’ = me ● Also the same rule/pattern for ‘partir’ works for ‘sortir’ as well (sors, sors, sort, etc.) Je Écrire Dire Lire Mettre ^to write^ ^to say^ ^to read^ ^to put^ écris dis lis mets Tu écris dis lis mets Il/Elle/Qui/On écrit dit lit met Nous écrivons disons lisons mettons Vous écrivez ditez lisez mettez Ils/Elles écrivent disent lisent mettent Offrir Mourir Essayer* Appeler ^to offer^ ^to die^ ^to try^ ^to name^ Je offre meurs essaie appelle Tu offres meurs essaies appelles Il/Elle/Qui/On offre meurt essaie appelle Nous offrons mourons essayons appelons Vous offrez mourez essayez appelez Ils/Elles offrent meurent essaient appellent ● The same rule for essayer follows for other verbs ending in yer like payer(to pay), employer (to employ), nettoyer (to clean), etc. For these types, it is just regular conjugations for er verbs. except the ‘y’ changes to ‘i’’ for je, tu, il, elle, ils and elles, but not in nous and vous (SEE PATTERN IN CHART) MORE TENSES FUTUR PROCHE (Future Tense that translates to ‘I am going to……’) ● It has 2 parts to it. ○ Part 1: Verbe ‘Aller’ in present (vais,vas, va, allons, allez, vont) ○ Part 2: The infinitive which is the verb in its normal form (ex. Aller is the infinitive of vais, vas, etc.) ● EX: Je vais partir demain ( I am going to leave tomorrow. ) ● You can also use the infinitive verb ‘aller’ in futur proche. ○ EX. Je vais aller à la supermarche (I am going to go to the supermarket) ● WITH BASIC NEGATION: Je ne vais pas (infinitive verbe)..... FUTURE SIMPLE (Future Tense that translates to ‘I will….’) ● Future Simple is regularly formed with the Personal Pronouns followed by the infinitive verb (also called the ‘Racine’ in Futur Simple). The ending on those verbs depends on which pronoun it is. ● SO it is Pronoun + Racine + ending attached to Racine Pronoun Ending Pronoun Ending Pronoun Ending Je/ J’ ai Il/Elle a Vous ez Tu as Nous ons Ils/Elles ont ● EX. Je finirai, Nous parlerons, Tu vendras ○ Notice how the future simple conjugation for ‘vendre’ (vendras) has the ‘e’ removed. This is because for futur simple, any regular ‘re verbs’ get the ‘e’ at the end removed, then the ending is placed. ○ Notice how all of these are regular verbs of either ER, IR or RE. Irregular verbs change the beginning part (SEE chart Below) IRREGULAR VERBS FOR FUTURE SIMPLE Infinitive Racine of them Infinitive Racine of them Avoir Aur Être Ser Aller Ir Faire Fer Voir Verr Savoir Saur Pouvoir Pourr Vouloir Voudr Devoir Devr Recevoir Recevr Venir Viendr Jeter Jetter Acheter Acheter Courir Courr Mourir Mourr Se lever Se lever Envoyer Enverr ● EX. Il aura les bonbons (he will have candy) ● Since ‘il’ also means ‘it’, some verbs are il pleut (it rains), and il faut (it is necessary). This would conjugate to il pleuvra (it will rain) and il faudra (it will be necessary). ○ Notice how the ‘a’ at the end is already there, DO NOT add another one, there is already an ‘a’ because the pronoun with it is ‘il’ ● Another example of this is ‘Il y a’ (there is), this would turn into ‘Il y aura’ (there was) ○ Again the ‘a’ at the end was already added because the pronoun is ‘il’ ○ A good way to remember this is that the racine of Aller is ‘aur’, and since the ‘a’ in ‘il y a’ is the present form of aller, then the racine of ‘a’ is also ‘aur’. Then, we just add an ‘a’ at the end, because the pronoun is ‘il’ ● IN THESE EXAMPLES: there can only be ‘il’ in front of it because ‘il’ in these cases means ‘it’. No other personal pronoun means ‘it’ LE PASSE COMPOSE (Past Tense) ● There are 2 ways to form passé composé; one with the verb avoir (which is for most) and one with the verb être (which is used for a few) ● Why is that? Well, passé composé with ‘Avoir’ is used with a direct object (the part in the sentence that says whom or what the action is for) ○ EX. Jim fed the dog - the feeding happens for the DOG ● And… passé composé with ‘être’ is used when there is no direct object ○ EX. I came back from the hospital - there is no whom or what that the action is happening to. ○ EX. She became a doctor - the action is not happening to a doctor, it is happening to Elle (the subject). So there is no direct object FORMING PASSE COMPOSE WITH AVOIR ● There’s 2 parts; the auxiliare (meaning the auxiliary verb which helps/assists another verb) and the participe passé (past participle) The auxiliaire is the present tense of the verb Avoir Pronouns Auxilaire Pronouns Auxilaire Je ai Nous avons Tu as Vous avez Il/Elle/Qui/On a Ils/Elles ont The past participle is different for each type of verb ● For ER verbs --- RE = é (parler = parlé) ● For IR verbs --- IR = i (finir = fini) ● For RE verbs --- RE = u (vendre = vendu) Also, Passe compose has no d’accord. A ‘d’accord’ is the endings to a verb to match the subject. It is used to make the verb feminine or plural. IRREGULAR VERBS Infinitive Participe Infinitive Participe Infinitive Participe verb passé verb passé verb passé Boire bu Avoir eu Être été Croire cru Connaitre connu Dire dit Vouloir voulu Voir vu Pouvoir pu Suivre su Courir couru Faire fait Devoir dû Lire lu Conduire conduit Pleuvoir plu Plaire plu Recevoir recu Savoir su Instruire instruit Produire produit Ecrire ecrit Tenir tenu Vivre vècu Couvrir couvert Prendre pris mettre mis FORMING PASSE COMPOSE WITH ÊTRE ● There are 16 verbs that are used with être - To remember what the 16 verbs are, remember the acronym DR & MRS. VANDERTRAMP ● There are 3 parts; the auxiliaire, the participe passé, and the d’accord. ● The auxiliare is the present tense of the verb ‘être’ Pronouns Auxilaire Pronouns Auxilaire Je suis Nous sommes Tu es Vous êtes Il/Elle/Qui/On est Ils/Elles sont To form the participe passe for être, it is the same way you do it for avoir ● For ER verbs --- RE = é (aller = allé) ● For IR verbs --- IR = i (sortir = sorti) ● For RE verbs --- RE = u (descendre= descendu) ● HOWEVER, there are a few exceptions -the underlined are the exceptions Those 16 verbs are: Francais Past participle Anglais Francais Past participle Anglais Devenir Devenu(e)(s) Became Descendre Descendu(e)(s) Went down Revenir Revenu(e)(s) Came back Entrer Entré(e)(s) Entered Monter Monté(e)(s) Climbed Rentrer Rentré(e)(s) Re-entered Rester Resté(e)(s) Stayed Tomber Tombé(e)(s) Fell Sortir Sorti(e)(s) Went out Retourner Retourné(e)(s) Returned Venir Venu(e)(s) Came Arriver Arrivé(e)(s) Arrived Aller Allé(e)(s) Went Mourir Mort(e)(s) Died Naître Né(e)(s) Was born Partir Parti(e)(s) Left ● Notice that ‘sortir’ means ‘to go out’, while ‘partir’ means ‘to leave’. ● As you can see ‘naître’ and ‘mourir’ are very irregular, as the past principle changes to né(e)(s) and mort(e)(s) ● Also venu(e)(s), revenu(e)(s) and devenu(e)(s) are irregular. Instead of the ending being -i it is -u ○ Notice how revenu(e)(s) and devenu(e)(s) have venu in it. That is why they are irregular just like venu(e)(s) ● NOTICE how all the past participles have (e)(s) at the end. That is because that is the d’accord. It is used to change the past principles to feminine or plural forms ○ For Feminine put an ‘e’ at the end --- you can do this to all of them as none of them end with e (some end with ‘é’, in which case you can add another ‘e’) ○ For Plural put a ‘s’ at the end (For feminine plural put ‘es’ at the end) ● REMEMBER that the d’accord is only used with the passe compose with être, NOT avoir. ● ALWAYS REMEMBER, why we use the 2 different ways for passe compose; avoir with a direct object and être with no direct object. ○ FULL DESCRIPTION for this is above COMPLEX RULES/GRAMMAR LE VERBES REFLECHIS (Reflexive verbs) ● These verbs are used when we say that the action is being done to oneself. Without the help of others ○ Ils se couchent - They go to bed. It is an action they do by themselves. ○ Elle se brosse les dents - she brushes her teeth ● It often also replaces -self (myself, herself, themselves, ourselves, etc.) in English. ○ Je me lave - I wash myself, Elle se calme - She calms herself ● To form it you place the pronoun (je, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, ils, elles) first like usual, then you place the reflective pronoun (R.P.) depending on the pronoun. After, you place the verb with present tense endings. (-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent) Pronom R.P. Pronom R.P. Pronom R.P. Je me Il / Elle se Vous vous Tu te Nous nous Ils / Elles se ● Notice the R.P. of Nous and Vous are nous and vous. IT IS NOT A MISTAKE. ● To make reflective verbs past tense, you will use the formation with ETRE, not avoir. ○ Je me lave = Je me suis lave apross ● To make reflexive verbs future tense, you use the formation with FUTUR PROCHE ○ Je me calme = Je vais me calmer --- notice how the verb is in the infinitive, like normal futur proche sentences. COMMON REFLEXIVE VERBS Francais Anglais Francais Anglais s’amuser to play, to enjoy se raser To shave (ones oneself beard, oneself) s’appeler to be called se facher to get angry s’arrêter to stop oneself se préparer To prepare oneself s’asseoir to sit down se maquiller To put on makeup se baigner to go swimming se brosser... to brush one’s ... se coucher to go to bed se promener to go for a walk se dépêcher to hurry se rappeler to remember s’habiller to get dressed se réveiller to wake up s’intéresser à to be interested se casser to break a body part quelque chose in something se laver to wash oneself se lever to get up Notice how ‘se laver’ with an ‘a’ means ‘to wash oneself’, while ‘se lever’ with an ‘e’ instead, means ‘to get up’. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES ● They are used with a noun to say your, my, his, her, our, their (ex. your cookie) ● They change depending on if the noun is masculine, feminine or plural. ○ EX. It does not matter if the person speaking is feminine, if the noun is masculine, then the possessive adjective has to be masculine. masculine. feminine singular singular plural (masc. or Meaning fem.) mon ma (mon) mes my ton ta (ton) tes your son sa (son) ses his, her, its one’s notre notre nos our votre votre vos your leur leur leurs their ● Notice how ma, ta and sa have mon, ton and son in brackets. This is because if the noun is feminine and starts with a vowel (ex. amie), you can’t say ‘ma amie’, because there are now 2 vowels beside each other. You need to say ‘mon amie’, even though ‘amie’ is a feminine noun. ● Notice how both ‘ton’ and ‘votre’ means ‘your’. That is because ‘ton’ is like ‘tu’, which is informal, while ‘votre’ is like ‘vous’, which is formal and used for respect PRONOUNS (PRONOM) ● Pronouns are used to replace nouns, so you do not have to continuously say the noun. Instead, you can replace the noun with them, it, her, him, there, etc. ● There are various types of pronouns; this includes direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns. There are also Y Pronouns and En pronouns. ● Pronouns ARE ALMOST ALWAYS placed before the verb (I eat it). The ‘it’ in french would go before ‘eat’, as ‘eat’ is the verb DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS ● These Pronouns are used to say it, them, him or her (ex. I eat tomatoes = I eat them) (ex. I like Paul = I like him) These pronouns are: ● ‘Le’, which is used for ‘him’, or ‘it’ (something or someone masculine, singular) ○ ENG. I like Paul = I like him, I eat this cookie = I like it ○ FRAN. J’aime Paul = Je l’aime, Je mange ce cookie = Je le mange ■ Since ‘le’ ends with a vowel and ‘aime’ starts with a vowel, you put the apostrophe in between, as you can not have to vowels together. ■ Cookie is masculine, that is why ‘le’ is used ● ‘La’, which is used for ‘her’, or ‘it’ (something or someone feminine, singular) ○ ENG. You are seeing Rebecca this evening = You are seeing her this evening ○ FRAN. Vous voyez Rebecca ce soir. = Vous le voyez ce soir ● Les, which is used for ‘them’ (something or someone plural both feminine and masculine) ○ ENG. I eat my tomatoes = I eat them, I like the boys = I like them ○ FRAN. Je mange mes tomates = Je les mange, J'aime les garçons = Je les aime For these Pronouns look for: ● Le, les, la, notre, mon, nos, vos, votre, ton, ta, tes, ce, cet, cette, leur, leurs, me, ma, mes, sa, se and ses ○ Je mange notre/mes/ces/tes/vos/leurs mangues = Je les mange INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS ● These pronouns are used to say ‘him/her/them’ (I talk to Paul = I talk to him) These pronouns are: ● ‘Lui’, which is used for to ‘her’ or ‘him’ (used for both feminine and masculine) ○ ENG. I talk to Paul/Rebecca = I talk to him/her ○ FRAN. Je parle à Paul/Rebecca = Je lui parle ○ LOOK FOR: à, à la, au ● ‘Leur’, which is used for ‘them’ (used for both feminine and masculine) ○ ENG. I talk to the girls = I talk to them ○ FRAN. Je parle aux filles = Je leur parle ○ LOOK FOR: aux, à ces/les/ses/mes/tes/cettes/leurs/nos/vos Y PRONOUN ● Usually, this pronoun is used to say ‘there’ and it replaces the noun after the ‘à (to)’ (I go to Paris = I go there) (Je vais à Paris = J'y vais) ○ The form of ‘à’ can be ‘au’ or ‘à la’ ○ In french ‘y’ is considered as a vowel. Since je ends in a vowel and 2 vowels can not be together you put an apostrophe between them. ● In another case, ‘y’ also means there, however it replaces a word indicating location (the bag is in front of the car = the bag is there) (le sac est devant l'auto = le sac y est) ○ Here since y is first, you do not need to put the apostrophe in between. To make it simpler, you can also say ‘le sac est là’ --- ‘là’ means there as well ● Y can also replace the noun after à (Je pense à l'astrologie = J’y pense) ○ Since à means ‘of’ as well, the sentence means ‘I think of astrology’. Which changes to ‘I think of it’. Since it uses ‘of’, we use ‘y’ EN PRONOUN ● Overall, this pronoun is used to express a quantity of some sort, whether it is direct quantity (ex. 5 cookies = 5 of them) or just a few/some (some cookies = some of them). It can also be used with words indicating quantity, like ‘a lot of them’, ‘a little of them’, etc. ● Usually, this pronoun is used to say ‘some’ and it replaces the noun after the ‘de (of/some)’ (I prepare some cookies = I bake some of them) (je prépare des biscuits = J’en prépare) ○ LOOK FOR: de, de la, des, du … then noun (Je mange de la pomme) ● It can also replace a noun that has quantity (We prepare five cakes = we prepare five of them) (Nous préparons deux gâteaux = Nous en préparons deux) ○ The number/quantity remains there. That is because, without the number, we would be saying ‘we prepare some’ (nous en preparons). This would be like the example above this one, where no exact quantity is expressed. ● The ‘en’ pronoun can also replace a noun that has an indirect quantity. This is when the quantity is not expressed with a number, instead, it is expressed with a word. Examples are: ‘a little bit of’ (peu de) or ‘a lot of’ (beaucoup de). (You want a lot of candies = you want a lot of them) (Vous voulez beaucoup de bonbons = vous en voulez beaucoup) ○ Notice how again the word indicating quantity remains here. That is because, without the quantity, we would be saying ‘you want some of them’, however we want to say ‘you want a lot of them’ There is an order that pronouns go, if there are multiple pronouns together. This is the order: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Direct Object Indirect Object Y Pronoun En Pronoun Pronouns Pronouns ● Always remember that the pronouns usually go before the verb. ● If the verb is a reflexive verb, then the reflexive pronouns (se/me/te/nous/vous) goes before the pronouns listed above and the actual verb goes after the pronouns like (Je me les lave tous les jours = I wash them every day.) ○ The ‘me’ is the reflexive pronoun, the ‘les’ is another pronoun (it is a direct object pronoun), and the ‘lave’ is the actual verb. PRONOUNS IN TENSES ● Always remember the VIA rule, when placing the pronouns in different tenses. It tells you what to put the pronoun before. This rule works for all the pronouns listed above. But, remember: Always follow the correct order in which the pronouns go in (also listed above). ● In the present tense, as we learned the pronoun goes before the verb, however in other tenses it can be placed differently. ● The V stands for Verb. The pronoun goes before the VERB in Future Simple as well. (ex. Je l'achèterai = I will buy it) The ‘it’ could be cookies. for example. ○ there is an apostrophe in between because there are 2 vowels together ● The I stands for Infinitive. The pronoun goes before the INFINITIVE in Futur Proche. Remember that Futur Proche has two verbs. The first one is aller conjugated and the second is the infinitive. So the pronoun goes before the second verb (the infinitive) (ex. Je vais le y manger = I will eat it there) ○ Notice how I used two pronouns and placed ‘y’ after ‘le’. ● The A stands for Auxiliare. The pronoun goes before the AUXILIARE in Passé Composé. Only the passé composé has an auxiliare. (ex. nous y avons mangé = We ate there.) The ‘y’ is the pronoun and it is before the auxiliare which is ‘avons’. PRONOUNS IN NEGATION ● To make it a negative statement with pronouns, just place ‘ne’ and ‘pas’ around the pronoun and the ‘verb in present/future simple’, and the ‘auxiliare is passé composé. ○ In Futur Proche, the negation does not follow the VIA rule. The negation doesn’t go around the pronoun and the infinitive in future proche. Instead, it ONLY goes around the first verb. The first verb is the conjugated form of ‘aller’ ■ FUTUR PROCHE: Je ne vais pas le manger (I am not going to eat it) The ‘ne’ and ‘pas’ only goes around the first verb which is the conjugation of ‘aller’. That verb is ‘vais’. ○ PRESENT: Je n'y mange pas (I do not eat there) The ‘ne’ and ‘pas’ is around the pronoun which is ‘y’ and the verb which is ‘mange’. ○ FUTUR SIMPLE: Je n'en ferai pas beaucoup (I will not make a lot) The ‘ne’ and ‘pas’ is around the pronoun which is ‘en’ and the verb which is ‘ferai’ ■ Notice how the ‘ne’ and ‘pas’ is not around ‘beaucoup’. That is because ‘beaucoup’ is not the pronoun. It is just used to allow the sentence to make sense. ○ PASSÉ COMPOSÉ: Je ne l'ai pas mangé (I did not eat it) The ne and pas is around the pronoun which is ‘le (l’)’ and the auxiliare which is ‘ai’. QUI & QUE - RELATIVE PRONOUNS ● These verbs are used to say ‘who’ (qui) or ‘that’ (que) describing, ‘someone who does something’ or ‘something that someone does something to’. ● Qui is followed by a verb and has a proper noun (usually a name of a person) or a pronoun before it. (ex. La fille qui est intelligente a gagné le prix = the girl who is intelligent won a prize) ‘fille’ is the proper noun and ‘est’ is the verb. (ex. C'est moi qui est très athlétique = It is me, who is very athletic) moi is the pronoun and est is the verb. ○ Oftentimes in the second example, we use ‘Je suis celui qui est…’ which translates to ‘I am the one who is…’ ○ If we are referring to another person instead of like ‘C’est Marie qui est très athlétique’ (This is Marie who is very athletic) then you can use this form. ● Que is followed by a noun or pronoun and has an object before it. (ex. Le gâteau que les filles aiment est très mauvais = The cake that the girls like est very bad) ‘Gâteau’ is the object and ‘filles’ are the noun. (ex. C’est le test que j’ai écheve = this is the test I failed) ‘Test’ is the object and ‘Je (j’)’ is the Pronoun. ADDITIONAL HELPFUL INFORMATION HELPFUL LITTLE WORDS (Helpful Little Words) Francais Anglais Francais Anglais Francais Anglais Souvent Often Jamais Never Sous Under Devant In front of Toujours Always Ensemble Together Chaque Every Encore Again Tout le monde Everyone Beintôt Soon Avant Before Ici Here Peut- être Maybe Sans Without À To/ At Dessus Above All Si If Sur On Entre Between Derrière Behind Dans In LES MOTS INTERROGATIFS ( Question Words / Phrases ) Francais Anglais Francais Anglais Pourquoi Why Combien de How many Où Where A quelle heure At what time Quand When A qui est-ce que To whom Comment How De qui est-ce que About whom Quel(s) / Quelle(s) What / Which Avec qui With whom? ● There are two ways you can write it either the normal way which is... ○ EX. Ou est-ce tu vas? (this way is more formal) ● Or remove the est-ce que and switch the verb and subject, with a hyphen in between ○ EX. Ou vas-tu? ○ This can work with any verb or subject/pronoun or question word ■ Example #1: Ou va-t-il? (where is he going?) ● here we put ‘-t-’ in between because there were 2 vowels together. ■ Example #2: Combien de bonbons est-ce que tu veux? = Combien de bonbons veux-tu? (how many candies do you want?)