University:
Amherst College
Course:
PSYC 233 | Cognitive Psychology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

450

Pages:

14
Author:

Netzkaterau8

Sensory Memory / STM / Working Memory ______________________________________ 1) Describe various forms of memory and the different types of tests used to assess them. 2) Summarize the Atkinson & Shiffrin / Multi-Modal Model of memory. 3) Outline the key features of the sensory registers and Short-term Memory including:  Capacity  Duration  Search (serial vs. parallel)  Forgetting (interference vs. decay)  Coding (perceptual vs. conceptual) 4) Contrast STM and Working Memory (Baddeley). Circularity of Learning and Memory ___________________________________________ How do I know if you learned something? I test your MEMORY. How does one come to remember something? First one has to LEARN it. ___________________________________________ How do you know why you fail to remember something? Three possibilities: 1. Encoding failure 2. Storage failure 3. Retrieval failure Common Memory Tests ___________________________________________ EXPLICIT MEMORY - conscious access of target information DECLARATIVE MEMORY - conscious access of facts Recall ___________________________________________ Type of Test Serial Recall Free Recall Cued Recall Comprehension Public Knowledge Learning 8-6-75-3-0-9 8-6-75-3-0-9 foot-watch cereal-bowl Read news story about Statue of Liberty Test foot-______ cereal-_____ How long is Statue of Liberty's arm? Which Spice Girl was the 1st to leave the band? Response Recognition ___________________________________________ Type of Test True/False Learning Multiple Choice Old/New foot watch cereal bowl Test Posh Spice is married to British football star Michael Beckham. My favorite Spice Girl is a) Posh b) Ginger c) Baby d) Scary e) Sporty Foot stereo cheese bowl Response Old New New Old Implicit Memory ___________________________________________ Implicit Memory – is observed when a person demonstrates knowledge of or prior exposure to information without directly being asked about prior experience. Both accuracy and RT are measured and compared across a control group and an experimental group. Type of Test Learning E: turkey Naming C: computer Lexical Decision Stem Completion E: turkey C: computer E: turkey C: computer Test Turkey Response “turkey” Turkey Greeble E: faster “word” “nonword” tur_____ E: faster “turkey” “turnip” “turbulent” E: turkey more likely and/or faster Repetition Priming vs. Associative Priming Procedural Memory "It's just like riding a bicycle" ___________________________________________ Procedural memory – memory for skills and other nonverbal information. You demonstrate memory by doing rather than saying.  Mirror Writing  Tower of Hanoi puzzle  Chess Why is this interesting? Amnesic patients So what? Four Types of Memory Tests ___________________________________________ Declarative Procedural Explicit Implicit ______________________________________________ Memory test instructions  Intentional – I’m going to test you later o SAT and academic work o Majority of memory research  Incidental – Let’s just do this for fun (sinister laugh…but I’m going to test you later) o Rate these words o Remember content, but test on source o Time estimation tasks Multimodal (Multistore) Model of Memory ___________________________________________ Atkinson & Shiffrin Stimuli in the World Sensory Registers STM CP & RS Response Output Important Questions: a) Capacity b) Duration c) Coding d) Search e) Forgetting LTM Sensory memory ___________________________________________ a) Capacity  Full vs. partial report  Size of display  Manipulation of the ISI b) Duration  ISI effects c) Coding  Pattern masking  Report all letters that rhyme with ‘B d) Search  Not much to say about this e) Forgetting  Decay  Interference Answers to the Key Questions ______________________________________________ Capacity Sensory Memory Very large Duration Very short Coding Physical (analog) Search Pass Forgetting Decay/ Interference STM STM: Capacity ___________________________________________ The Magic Number: 7  2 items of information  Memory Span Studies  Chunking (recoding)  Serial Positions Effects 80 70 % correct 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Serial Position 7 8 9 10 Duration in STM ___________________________________________ With Rehearsal 1) Maintenance Rehearsal  Simple repetition 2) Elaborative Rehearsal  Coding  Transfer to LTM  Imagery ___________________________________________ Without rehearsal – Brown-Peterson Task Mean percent correct 100 90 80 70 60 50 1 11 Retention Interval 21 Blocked vs. Mixed Presentation ______________________________________________ Mixed Presentation X R F J L S B 5====>15 R Ratio 4:3 Mixed Presentation 15====>5 X R F R Ratio J L S B 4:1 ______________________________________________ Blocked Presentation (either 5s or 15s) X R F R Ratio J L S B 2:1 ______________________________________________ Prediction ~  Mixed presentation: Shorter RI = Better performance  Blocked presentation: RI makes no difference Final answer: No consensus Short Term Memory Search – Sternberg Task ___________________________________________ Logic of Subtraction How long does process B take? 1) Have people do A+C. 2) Then, have people do A+B+C. RT (B) = RT2 – RT1 Assumptions:  Discrete stages  Pure Insertion Problems? Sternberg Task  Give people a list of digits  Ask them if a target was on that list  By increasing the number of digits in the list, you can infer how people scan STM Stage Encode Target Scan items in memory Decide yes/no Response Four-stage process One Letter Multiple Letters

Visual Sensory Memory Part 1

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