Unit 2: Phylum Platyhelminthes

UNIT-IT Date Page PHYLUM PLATIHELMINTHES ISM General. Characteristics upto classes: + This wored comes from too wored platis means "Flat and Helminthes means roorem... + These arce invertibreates eg + fasciola Genercal Characteristics 7 Body is kilattercally Symmetrical. → Body is genercally worem.like Body Shape 's long, flat, ribbon shape ore leaf line. Site varries 10-15 miter, microscopical. + It's Coleure is creamy white. 7 Some platihelminthes arce looks like the coloure of briocan. black & green. → Body with suckers & hooks (body attachment). Booly consist of 3 embryonic layere & Endoderan arre, present ext ectoderm, mesoclerom 7 The exoskeleton, & endoskeleton is absent. 7 Body is covered with Spines. Flatcworams aree acelomate (without Evelome). 7 Digestive System is absent in tape worems. 7 Respiratory & Circulatory systems are also absent. →Nervous System is primitive type parcasitic forms of platthelminthes arce, without sensorty, organe. → Eco Excrietorcy Syvem is well developed. → Sexes arce separente in this case. → Development is direct ie, without laroval stage are indirect cwith lovoval stages arre shown. → Endogenous & exogenous budding is common. ef Organs of attachement Allmentary conal e) Nervous system Respireation Reproduction Hermabhrioditism L.8. Life history, pathogenicity & prophylaxis of Tanda soliun Introduction:- Taenia is commonly called as rape warm because it is long, flat, reibbon line body forem & is exclusively e endoparcasitic flat worem. 7 vartious species of Taenia parasitizing man & domestic. animal. The common eg is to Taenia solium. 7 Taenia solium complete it's life cycle in two hosts ie, digenetic, man being the primacy thost & pig as Secondarry hast → Primary host is also called as the final host & the Secondary host is also called is intermediate host. Othere animal like of Goat, beare, sheep, monkey may also secondary host. Taenia Solum is found in all those parets of world Wherre pig is domesticated a consumed as food, especially in purcopian countries. Life history and Development. 7 All tape warms are hermafrodites. They have a have a complete Set of male & female reproductive ngan 7 Affere a period of intense rieprieductive activity madultwe mature proglotted lasses all it's genital organ except the highly branched werus filled. cwith fertilized eggs. → The Segment that has reached this Stage ore greased segments. are called ripe Copulation & Fertilization →Fertilization is internal & preeceded by copulation It becomes possible When the common gonoportes of thos maturre proglotted come in contact. →Fertilization, fellowing copulation between the two different proglotied is some time teremed as creess fertilization. → They occurring between gametes of the same preogtotied is Called as self fercklization. Capsule formation 7 Sep Spermatozoa, injected into vagina swim down to the Seminal vesicle where they released by the ovary. arre storced till ova are 7 the two gametes finally meet in the fertilization, duct Where fertilization takes place a zygotes arce forem. 7 Zygotes sore ore egg cell passed into the cotype where each becomes associated with. a. Vitelline glands through large yolk cell recieved from vitelline duct. 7 The Zygote & the yolk cell then become enclose in a than thell or Chorionic membrane formed by material. the yolk 7 The Structurce thus foremed & is called capsule. 7 passage of the capsule into the uterus is lubricated by the secrection of mechlis glands. → 30,000-40,000 egg capsule are formed. Onchasphere Formation cleavage When the Capsule is in derus the zygote undergoes unequal hollow blastic cleavage & then reesults i'n a larige megamerce and a smallere embryonic cell. Morcula The megamerce divides furthere a number of times to give rise to several similart megamerce. Similarly the embryonic cell divides reepeated to preduce two types of cell, laregeri macromeres. meso merces & Smallere Hook Qi Hexacanth) And Onchopnerce The morcula forms an embryo which develops three paires of chitinous hookes at it's postercious side... → The hoones are separated by some differentiated Cell of morcula called onchoblasts → This 3 paires hooked embryo is called Hexacanth & It Swirlounded by two hexacaneh membrione. 7 The hexa canth, togetherc Surrounding is with all the membrane is known as onchosphere. Infection to secondary host Gravid proglottid containing onchosphere, detach in groups of 4-5 at the posterware end & passed out with the host's faces. + Pigs which reegularly feeds on human excreta Cobreophagus habu) the usual sec Secondary hest get infection by injecting the Onchosphorce. 7 Bit sometimes dogs, monkeys & sheep are also known to get the infection. Migration within secondary hest.. In the stomach of secondary hast. it's embryophorce & Onchospherce dosses basement membrane by the action of abkating suice acidic Juice. 7 The firee embryo passes into the small indestone wheree the two percsisting hexacanth membrane arce also tost by the action of alkaline juice. 7 Entice process takes about 10 minutes aflere which the hookes are shed away, → Submucosal blood vessel carerry hexacanth to livere through hepatic portal vein. + In Livere it starts it's life processes. → Howevere these may also developed in othere oregens Kidneys, brain, eyes etc. such as lungs Bladdere worem It is the larval stage of tanea. → It is a bladdere like ore sack like structurce, that's why it is called as bladdere worem.. 7 This blandere is filled with a watercy pastid fluich like substance ore bleed plasira of the host. 7 the wall of the bladder consist innere germinal layer of an outere cuticle & an Pathogenecity: The infection of Tanca causes a disease called Taeniasis ore Cisdodiasis in human being. It is charactercised by abdominal discomforets like pair, indigestion, Nausea, Vomitting, constipation diarucheea... nervous disorderes like insomnia Nervousness etc → It's infection may cause ensinophilia. tipto 13% & causes obstruction in the passage of alimentarry canal. 7 Aftert Hearhing in the vital origans like livere, eyes & brain the dssicereci get encysted & cause serious diseases. 7 Encystment in eyes may cause blindness & in brain develops epilep. 7 Therapy & prophylaxis potihelminthis drugs like cely. camoquines quinatrine, ante phen etc may be used to reemove the adult tape worem forcer from the human, intestine. 7 If the larval Stage becomes adult a causes soveaure infection then it can only removed by seregical opertation. Consumption of underocook ore semicoon perek. Should be avoided → Faeces of infected person should be preoperely disposed orc destroyed Parcasitic Adaptation + The tape worem exchibit a no. of adaptive features to live Comfordable in the intestine, of human being. → I's body i's externally covered by integument which protects it from Hast's digestive juices. →It has well developed suckeres o& hooks to attach with the intestinal wall of the host. 7 circulatorcy, respiratory, excretorcy brigans arre absent & nerevous system is not well developed. + Respiration is anaerobic as free on is not available in intestine. No criatto Genereal charcacteristics of Nematoda → Nematodes present in the soll and feed on bacteria, tungi & Other small nematodes. an important role in nutrient recycling They play an 7 7 There body They arre is bilatterally symmetrical. cylindrical in shape. + They extto Exhibit tissue level of oregrisation: 7 body have a Cavity ore Pseudo coelom. →The elementary canal is distinct, with mouth and the anus They are devoid of circulatory and respircatorcy system properly. They are freed living and ore parcasitic. → They causes disease in the host. →Feralisation is inderoral. + Reproduction is sexual.