Lab. Sheets 1 : Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry is a part of chemistry that studies ways of recognizing (identifying) and determining the levels of a substance. Qualitative analysis determines the presence or absence of a compound, but not its mass or concentration. Qualitative analysis does not quantify numbers. Qualitative analysis of drugs is directed at identifying drug compounds, including all knowledge about analysis that has been known up to now. In carrying out analysis we use the properties of substances or materials, both physical properties and chemical properties. Qualitative drug analysis techniques are based on drug classes according to the type of chemical compound, and not based on their pharmacological effects. This is because sometimes a drug with the same chemical structure has a very different pharmacological effect/therapeutic power. Qualitative analysis based on chemical properties involves several reactions where the law of mass balance is very useful for determining which direction the reaction goes. Examples are redox reactions, acid-base reactions, complexes, and precipitation reactions. Meanwhile, analysis based on physical properties can be observed directly organoleptically, such as smell, color, the formation of gas bubbles or sediment which is useful initial information for further analysis. Analytical Chemistry can be divided into: Qualitative Analytical Chemistry and Quantitative Analytical Chemistry. Basics of qualitative analysis: 1. The main basis of analysis is that a substance can be identified 2. correctly if it is in a pure condition 3. Separation is necessary 4. Organoleptic: shape, color, smell, taste 5. Classification reactions 6. Color reaction 7. Crystal reactions Various qualitative analysis methods: 1. Conventional method  Micro and semi-micro reactions  Crystal reactions  Color reaction  Sublimation Modern methods 1. Spectrometry:  UV-vis: λmax(nm)  IR: fingerprint (wave number) 2. Chromatography:  TLC: Rf, stain color  HPLC, GC: retention time Reaction requirements that can be used for qualitative pharmaceutical chemistry are: the reaction results can be easily observed, the reaction is simple and fast, the reaction is sensitive (sensitive, the reaction is not disturbed by other substances). B. Qualitative Analysis Chemistry Qualitative analytical chemistry discusses the identification of substances. To find out what elements or compounds are contained in a substance. In the pharmaceutical sector, qualitative analysis/identification of raw materials used as medicinal ingredients or auxiliary raw materials/additional ingredients is needed to ascertain the type of medicinal or additional ingredients. In the world of medicine today, around 1000 kinds of medicinal compounds are used. It is not practical to identify so many compounds, therefore this qualitative analysis material is directed to only a few specific drug classes. Physics method a. Organoleptic Analysis is carried out using the five senses, which are seen in the form of physical properties such as color, shape, smell(Do not inhale directly!!!)and taste(Be careful!!! Don't swallow!!!). b. Physics Constants This is done by measuring physical constants such as solubility, melting point, boiling point, specific gravity, refractive index, specific rotation, viscosity and others. c. Determination of typical functional groups (Compound group test) d. Microscopic Recognize (identify) substances based on their reactions with certain reagents, as well as observing crystal powders or crystal forms of compounds using a microscope. Chemical Method By using certain reagents, a substance can provide specific reactions such as the formation of gas, precipitates, color or certain changes. Usage Qualitative analysis is used in many fields in a variety of ways purposes, including: identification, quality control, investigation, research, clinical, law enforcement. Applications of qualitative analysis in the pharmaceutical field include: verification of the correctness of ingredients, identification/administration, drug quality assurance, quality control on the market, diagnosis – pharmaceutical radio, pharmaceutical research. Qualitative Analysis Techniques 1. Color formation or precipitate formation reaction: if not statedotherwise, take 1 ml (20 drops) of sample solution, or ± the tip of a solid sample spatula, put it in a test tube (if there is a process next) or druppel plate (if there is no further process) then add the reagent drop by drop until a color change occurs. If the reagent used is sufficient in excess (±1 ml) but does not change color or produce a precipitate, then the result is negative. 2. How to heat Burner:Turn off the Bunsen or spirit lamp when not in use. How to heat with a test tube:  Clamp the test tube with tweezers. Heat it with a spirit lamp, the heating flame should be located at the top of the solution.  When heating, direct the hole in the test tube towards an empty space, don't point it towards your own face or someone else's face, while shaking it so that the heating is even. 3. How to observe crystals under a microscope: 1 drop of sample solution on a glass object and drop 1 drop of reagent, cover withdeck glass. Observe under a microscope until the crystals are clearly visible.