A1-001 : Enzyme Concept 1. Understanding Enzymes An enzyme is a protein that has a role in accelerating chemical reaction processes or metabolic catalysts in living things, but enzymes do not react. Enzymes play a more specific role in determining which reactions will be developed compared to inorganic catalysts so that many reactions can take place without producing toxic by-products. 2. Enzyme Structure Enzymes are divided into: 1) Simple enzymes consisting of protein components only; 2) Complex enzymes consisting of proteins and non-proteins. 3. Classification of Enzymes The classification of enzymes is divided into two, namely based on where the enzyme works and the power to accelerate the catalyst. a. Based on the place of work 1) Endoenzymes Generally endoenzymes are used for synthesis processes in cells and the formation of ATP which is useful for processes in cell metabolism and in the respiration process. 2) Exoenzymes Exoenzymes are also called extracellular enzymes. In general exoenzymes function to dissolve substrates by hydrolysis by converting them into simpler molecular forms with a lighter molecular weight so that they can easily pass through cells. The energy released in the substrate breakdown reaction outside the cell is not used in the cell's life processes. b. Classification of enzymes based on catalytic power 1) Oxidoreductase Enzymes work by catalyzing the oxidation-reduction reaction process, which is the transfer of enzyme to enzyme or from enzyme to oxygen. Examples include the transfer enzymes oxidase and peroxidase (catalase). 2) Transferase Transferase is the catalytic process of transferring groups of molecules, from one molecule to another another. 3) Hydrolase Hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis reactions. 4) Liase Enzymes have the function of catalysis by taking or adding groups from something molecules without going through the hydrolysis process 5) Isomerase The isomerase process includes enzymes that can catalyze isomerization reactions. 6) Ligase Enzymes can catalyze reactions by combining 2 molecules in a way the release of pyrophosphate molecules from nucleoside triphosphate 4. Classification of Coenzymes Coenzymes are divided into 2 parts : a. Coenzyme 1 Coenzyme 1 consists of an arrangement of one molecule of beta acid, one molecule of nicotinamide adenine and 2 molecules of pentose and 2 molecules of phosphoric acid. Coenzyme 1 is also called codahydrogenase 1 or cozymase which is found in living cells. b. Coenzyme 2 Coenzyme 2 is also called codehydrogenase II or cozymase II. Has function which is the same as coenzyme I and only has a difference in the content of the sulfuric acid molecule. 5. Factors that influence enzymes and co-enzymes The basic structure of enzymes is protein, in the process protein is greatly influenced by the following things. a. Temperature An enzyme whose main component is protein, so its working process is still influenced by temperature, at temperature 0oC the enzyme is inactive, if the temperature is increased the enzyme will start to become active. b. Degree of Acidity (pH) Enzymes can work at a certain pH, generally neutral pH, unless there are several types of enzymes which works in acidic or alkaline conditions. If an enzyme that can work optimally at a neutral pH is placed at an alkaline pH or an acidic pH, then the enzyme will not work or even be damaged, and vice versa. c. Inhibitors Inhibitors are counter responses that affect the work of enzymes or are known asfeeds back inhibitorsis a situation where the substance resulting from the action of an enzyme accumulates in excessive amounts which inhibits the work of the enzyme in question. d. Substrate Concentration Enzyme action is also determined by the amount or concentration of available substrates. If the amount If there is little substrate, the enzyme's working speed will be low, and vice versa. e. Enzyme concentration The reaction that occurs in the enzyme is maximized, so the substrate concentration is concentrated The enzymes must be appropriate, if the amount of enzyme is too little and the substrate is too much, the reaction will run slowly, but if there is more enzyme, the process will run faster.