Chapter 7: Personal Pronouns

Now that we've reviewed basic grammatical concepts we can finally move on to translating actual Old English sentences. We'll begin with personal pronouns. Since we can find many simple sentences that use them, and since they are so common, it makes sense to memorize them right away. In Modern English the personal pronouns include: "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we," "they," "them," "us," "him," "her," "his," "hers," "its," "theirs," "our," "your." Personal pronouns are used in statements and commands, but not in questions; interrogative pronouns (like "who," "whom," "what") are used there. There are three persons for pronouns in Old English (first person = speaker; second person = person being addressed; third person = third party being spoken about). The third person has masculine, neuter, and feminine forms. Like Modern English, Old English has both singular and plural forms for the personal pronouns. But Old English also has a dual form, used to indicate two closely associated persons -- two people working or fighting together, husband and wife, or lovers. Remember that the case of a pronoun indicates how it functions in a sentence. Nominatives are subjects, genitives are possessive modifiers, accusatives are direct objects, and datives are objects of prepositions and indirect objects. Paradigms: A paradigm is simply a list of all the possible grammatical forms of a word. It is usually arranged in a table, so that you can easily look up the forms that you need to translate. It is essential that you memorize your Old English paradigms so that you do not have to spend extra time flipping through your grammar book but can instead focus on translating. Study tip: You can either memorize the paradigm visually, by creating a blank paradigm and filling in the boxes with the words you've memorized (this is the method that most students use for Old English), or, if you are a more aural learner, you can recite the paradigm so that you can memorize it. The most successful students often combine both of these methods. You can click here for blank paradigms that can be printed out. First Person Personal Pronouns Paradigm Case Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative / Instrumental Singular ic = I min = mine me or mec = me (direct object) Dual wit = we two uncer = of us two (of ours) uncor uncit = us two (direct object) me = with me (or indirect unc = with us two (or indirect object) object) Plural we = we user or ure = of us (our) us or usic = us (direct object) us = with us (or indirect object) Second Person Personal Pronouns Paradigm Case Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative or Instrumental Singular Dual Plural ge = you (plural = "y'all" or "younz") eower = your (plural = "y'all's" or þin = your (singular) incer = of your two (yours) "younz's") þe or þec = you (direct inc or incit = you two eow or eowic = you (direct object) (direct object) object) þe = with you (or inc = with you two (or eow = with you (or indirect indirect object) indirect object) object) þu = you (singular) git = you two Third Person Personal Pronouns Paradigm Case Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative or Instrumental Masculine he = he his = his hine = him (direct object) him = with him ( or indirect object) Neuter hit = it his = its hit = it (direct object) him = with it (or indirect object) Feminine heo or hie = she hire = hers heo or hie = her (direct object) hire = with her (indirect object) All Genders Plural hi or hie = they hira = theirs hi or hie = them (direct object) him or heom = with them (or indirect object) Note:The genitive pronouns can be used adjectivally (i.e., as possessive adjectives), in which case they are declined the same way an adjective is. Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns are question words: "who" and "what". Who was the most important king of the West Saxons in the ninth century? "Who" is an interrogative pronoun standing in for "he" (which would be used if the sentence were a statement) which would stand in for the answer to the question, "Alfred". Note: Interrogative Pronouns have five (rather than four) case forms. The Instrumental case is here different from the Dative. There are masculine and neuter forms. Masculine interrogative pronouns are used for both masculine and feminine nouns. Interrogative Pronouns Paradigm Case Masculine Nominative hwa = who Genitive hwæs = of who Accusative hwone = whom (direct object) hwæm or hwam = with whom (indirect Dative object) Instrumental hwi or hwon = by means of whom Neuter hwæt = what hwæs = of what (whose) hwæt = what (direct object) hwæm or hwam = with whom (indirect object) hwi or hwon = by mean of what