AP World History Unit 7 Global Conflict

Unit 7: Global Conflict: 8%-10% of AP test (c. 1200 to c. 1450) TOPIC 7.1 Shifting Powers After 1900 Revolution in Russia ° By the early 20th century. Russia was falling behind most of Europe, the United States, and Japan’s wealth and power. ° Russia’s most obvious challenges were internal. ° Russia then became weaker in international affairs: o It lost the Crimean War (1853-1856) against the Ottoman Empire, which was supported by Great Britain and France. o It lost the Russo-Japanese War in a battle for power in East Asia. ° In the fall of 1917, the Bolsheviks, an organization representing the revolutionary working class of Russia under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, seized power and set up a communist government with Lenin at its head. o Throughout the capitalist world, from Europe to the United States to Japan, people worried that communists were a danger to their governments as well. Upheaval in China ° China faced daunting domestic concerns in the 19th century, each of which weakened support for the government. China consisted of dozens of ethnic groups. The largest group was the Han. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty were Manchus. Many of the Han never fully accepted the Qing as legitimate rulers. ° China experienced rapid population growth between the mid-1700s and mid-1500s, but could not expand the amount of farmland or productivity rapidly enough to provide a stable food supply. Any natural disaster, such as a drought or a flood, could result in the early deaths of thousands of people. Power Shifts in Mexico ° Mexico entered the 20th century as an independent nation firmly under the control of a dictator, Portirio Diaz. ° In 1910, Diaz jailed Francisco Madero, the opposition candidate for president. This act, combined with the growing opposition to Diaz’s strong-armed policies, accommodation to foreign powers, and opposition to land reform ignited the Mexican Revolution. ° Until 1920, Mexico suffered from political instability and devastating violence. ° Mexico adopted a new constitution in 1917. ° The Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI, was formed in 1929. TOPIC 7.2 Causes of World War I ° The causes of WW1 can be easily remembered by the acronym MANIA ° Alliances played a large role in the escalation of the war. This diagram displays which countries were allied and aiding each other. TOPIC 7.3 Conducting World War I Changes in Warfare ° The defining experience for most soldiers in this war was the time spent in the trenches, long ditches dug in the ground with the excavated earth banked in front in order to defend against enemy fire. ° Poison gas was one of the most insidious weapons of the new style of warfare. Chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas were used during World War 1. ° Developed in the late 1800s, machine guns could fire more than 500 rounds of ammunition per minute, increasing the deadly impact of warfare. ° ° Submarines played a large part in World War I, wreaking havoc on the shipping lanes of the Atlantic Ocean. The British developed tanks to protect troops as they moved across vast areas of difficult terrain, even over trenches, with the ability to fire at the enemy. The United States Enters the War ° On May 7, 1915, a German submarine attacked and sank the Lusitania, an ocean liner carrying more than 100 U.S. citizens among its passengers. ° The event that finally pushed the United States into the war was the interception of the Zimmerman Telegram in January 1917. In this document, the German government offered to help Mexico reclaim territory it had lost to the United States in 1848 if Mexico allied itself with Germany in the war. Total War ° This strategy, known as total war, meant that a nation’s domestic population, in addition to its military, was committed to winning the war. ° Millions of civilians, including women, worked in factories to make war materials. ° Propaganda is communication meant to influence the attitudes and opinions of a community around a particular subject by spreading inaccurate or slanted information. Posters and articles in newspapers and magazines often depicted the enemy crudely or misrepresented the facts of the war completely. The Paris Peace Conference ° Big Four: Woodrow Wilson (United States), David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy). ° President Wilson's pledge to establish “peace without victory” reflected his belief that no one country should be severely punished or greatly rewarded. ° Wilson pushed for Fourteen Points. He particularly wanted to create a League of Nations, an organization in which all nations of the world would convene to discuss conflicts openly. Although the other nations agreed to establish the League, the U.S. Senate voted against joining it. ° The Treaty of Versailles treated Germany harshly o Germany had to pay billions of dollars in reparations for damage caused by the war o They had to give up all of their colonies o They had to restrict the size of their armed forces. TOPIC 7.4 Economies in the Interwar Period The Great Depression ° Although the 1920s brought modest economic gains for most of Europe, the subsequent Great Depression ended the tentative stability. ° Agricultural overproduction and the United States’ stock market crash in 1929 were two major causes of the global economic downturn. ° Roosevelt's New Deal: Three Rs o Relief for citizens who were suffering, including the poor, the unemployed, farmers, minorities, and women o Recovery to bring the nation out of the Depression, in part through government spending o Reform to change government policies in the hopes of avoiding such disasters in the future. ° The Great Depression was a global event. Though it started in the United States and Europe, it spread to Latin America, Africa, and Asia. ° By 1932, more than 30 million people worldwide were out of work. Political Revolutions in Russia ° Although Lenin and the Bolshevik Party had promised “peace, land, and bread” during World War I, Russia faced starvation during the Russian Civil War ° Hundreds of thousands of Russians, Ukrainians, and others revolted against the Russian government’s actions. ° Under Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP), he reintroduced private trade, allowing farmers to sell their products on a small scale. ° After Lenin’s death, Joseph Stalin took control of the Communist Party, setting himself up as a dictator. Once in power, Stalin instituted the first Five-Year Plan, which was meant to transform the USSR into an industrial power. o He punished his political opponents by executing them or sentencing them to life in the gulags. o His agricultural policies led to the deaths of many millions of citizens. Rise of Right-Wing Governments ° Mussolini in Italy o Amid the general bitterness of the 1920s, Mussolini and his allies in the Fascist Party managed to take control of the parliament. o Mussolini became a dictator, repressing any possible opposition o Militaristic propaganda infiltrated every part of the Fascist government. ° Franco in Spain o After the economic decline in the early 1930s, two opposing ideologies, or systems of ideas, battled for control of Spain. o The Spanish Civil War that resulted soon took on global significance as a struggle between the forces of democracy and the forces of fascism. o The war ended when Franco’s forces defeated the Loyalist army o Spain did not officially enter WW2, but the government offered some help to Germany, Italy, and Japan. TOPIC 7.5 Unresolved Tensions After World War I Effects of the War ° In South Asia and West Africa, the war renewed the hopes of people in these regions for independence. ° The Allies established a mandate system to rule the colonies and territories of the Central Powers. ° The Allied countries—including France, Great Britain, and Japan—were able to increase their imperial holdings through a new form of colonization. ° The Middle East experienced enormous upheaval because of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Palestine, Transjordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq all became League of Nations mandates Anti-Colonialism in South Asia ° In 1919, armed colonial forces fired hundreds of shots into an unarmed crowd in India, killing an estimated 379 people and wounding 1,200 more. ° By the 1920s, Mohandas Gandhi had brought the congress’s cause to the Indian masses and caught the attention of the world. ° His Satyagraha (“devotion-to-truth”) movement embarked on a campaign of civil disobedience that encouraged Indians to break unjust laws and serve jail time. Nationalism in East Asia ° In 1910. Japan took control of Korea. On March 1, 1919, Koreans began a series of protests that involved as many as 2 million Koreans out of a population of 17 million. The occupying Japanese forces killed several thousand. ° China hoped that the Allies would support China’s desire to reclaim land on the Shandong Peninsula in northeast China. However, Japan wanted the same land. o At the Paris Peace Conference, Great Britain and France sided with Japan o Chinese intellectuals and workers staged anti-Japanese demonstrations beginning on May 4, 1919. The May Fourth Movement symbolized China’s growing nationalism and demand for democracy. ° In the years after the May Fourth protests, two main groups fought for power: o The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was led by Mao Zedong. Mao believed that China’s communist revolution could be based on the revolt of peasants, who made up the vast majority of China’s population. o The Chinese Nationalist Party was led in 1925 by Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang was a conservative and had a deep-seated distrust of communism. In 1927, Chiang’s forces attacked and nearly annihilated Mao’s forces, initiating the Chinese Civil War. TOPIC 7.6 Causes of World War II TOPIC 7.7 Conducting World War II Germany’s Early Victories and Challenges ° Once war broke out in Europe, Hitler embarked on a strategy called blitzkrieg, or lightning war, to quickly subdue Poland. ° Germany’s rapid success in Poland encouraged Hitler to attack and conquer Denmark and Norway in April 1940 and the Netherlands, Belgium, and France in the following month. ° In the 1941 Lend-Lease Act, the United States gave up all pretensions of neutrality by lending war materials to Britain. ° After failing to invade Britain, Hitler turned east. He attacked the Soviet Union to eliminate Bolshevism and to create land for settlement and development for the German people. ° the United States did not enter the war until after the Japanese bombed the American fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941 Home Fronts ° World War II was a total war. ° Most countries mobilized all their resources, including the civilian population, to achieve victory. ° The United States ramped up production of the resources required for war, including ships, tanks, planes, landing craft, radar equipment, guns, and ammunition. ° The U.S. government promoted the art of “Rosie the Riveter” to encourage women to succeed at jobs that were once thought to be for men. Victory for the Allies ° Hitler spent the war’s final days hiding in a bunker in Berlin. The end came on April 30, 1945, when Hitler committed suicide. ° Despite initial hesitations about using nuclear weapons, President Truman ordered the U.S. Army Air Force to drop the first atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, resulting in an estimated total of 140,000 Japanese civilian deaths. ° The months of Allied victories, combined with these devastating nuclear attacks, caused Japan to surrender unconditionally on August 14