Educational Psychology Unit 2 Practice Test

Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 1. "The Democrats were wrong on this issue, weren't they?" is an example of which pitfall of questioning strategies? - Leading questions 2. A coach is using a shaping technique to help a student work on a figure skating routine. According to behaviorists, which of the following strategy can be most effectively applied to assist the skater? - Immediate reinforcement of approximations of the desired skill 3. A high success rate on independent practice work can be accomplished in two ways. First, assignments should be clear and self-explanatory covering content appropriate for the students. Second: - students should rarely be given independent practice worksheets until the teacher has determined, through learning probes, that they can handle the material. 4. A professor is teaching about the lymph system and uses the example of water moving through a sponge. This is an example of which cognitive teaching strategy? - Analogies 5. A reinforcer that allows a student to escape from an unpleasant situation is called a(n): negative reinforcer. 6. A secondary reinforcer takes on value: - when it is associated with primary reinforcers. 7. A seventh-grade middle school science teacher wants students to know a particular organism they studied under a microscope. Based on the dual code theory, what is the best strategy for students to use? - Seeing it and naming it 8. A student is used to getting the attention of the teacher by making annoying sounds. One day the teacher decides to ignore the sounds by showing no reaction. Based on behavioral theory, what would be the expected outcome, assuming the teacher's attention was the reinforcer? - The behavior will immediately increase in frequency, but then decrease over time. 9. A student learns to add blocks and later transfers this skill to adding sticks, and checkers. Educational psychologists would say that the student is demonstrating: - generalization. 10. A student remembers a long list of outdoor sculptures by imagining each piece on top of a different campus building, along Campus Drive. What memory strategy is being used? Loci method 1 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 11. A student uses the term ROY G BIV to remember the colors of the spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. What type of memory strategy is this? - Initialletter 12. A teacher planned to take a class to the art museum for the first time. Before the trip, the teacher shared prints illustrating how the artwork at the museum is grouped into historical periods. When the actual visit took place, students saw many works of art (for the first time) and were amazed at how readily they were learning to recognize them. The orientation process students experienced is referred to as: - an advance organizer. 13. A teacher reinforces a child first for recognizing two letters of the alphabet, then for recognizing four, then six, and so on. The teacher is using a technique called: - shaping. 14. A teacher spot-checks how students are doing by walking around the room, selecting students to observe at random and then reinforcing those who are working well. What type of schedule is being used? - Variable interval 15. A teacher tries to help a student recall an event that took place during a field trip to the natural history museum by saying, "Remember, it was the time when you went off to see the skeletons." Which memory component was most directly involved? - Episodic memory 16. A visiting curriculum evaluation team criticized a school district for teaching too much inert knowledge. A disadvantage, they said, is that, according to educational psychologists, inert knowledge is: - useless due to the students' inability to apply it outside the classroom. 17. A whole-class discussion differs from the traditional lesson in that the teacher: - plays a less dominant role. 18. About half of the class (group knows more about the Democratic party while the other half (group knows more about the Republicans. The teacher presents a weeklong lesson on both parties. Which of the following is likely, based on schema theory? - Group A will learn more about the Democrats than will group B. 19. According to our text, roughly what percent of all Americans refer to themselves as LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender)? - 3.5 % 2 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 20. According to the American Psychological Association (2016), an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction to men, women, or both sexes is - sexual orientation. 21. According to the text author, which of the following strategies facilitates learning and remembering? - Organizing information into a hierarchy 22. According to the text, what is the impact of desegregation when students from underrepresented groups are sent early in life to high quality schools attended by middle-class students? - As a result of the students (from under-represented groups) having contact with middle-class students, a significant positive effect was observed. 23. An educational application of the primacy and recency effect is to: - teach important materials at the beginning or end of class and deal with administrative tasks in the middle. 24. An English teacher wants students to begin writing paragraphs on various topics. How should the teacher proceed in explaining the parts of paragraph construction? - Teach the skills step-by-step, gradually shaping the final skill. 25. An example of proactive facilitation would be: - learning Spanish first, which may help an English-speaking student learn Italian (a language similar to Spanish). 26. An important goal of teaching critical thinking to students is to create: - a critical spirit. 27. An important thing to know about the transfer of learning is that it: - cannot be assumed to have occurred. 28. As the chair of the language department, you suggest that your new teacher of Chinese consider introducing a process to help students learn the vocabulary more easily. Which approach would be most appropriate for you to suggest, according to the text author? Keyword method 29. Asking a student to understand the plight of a Jewish family while under Nazi occupation is an example of - prejudice reduction. 30. At his locker, Rick is describing his exciting weekend to Tony, using very colorful and inappropriate language. Tony gestures down the hall to let Rick know that Sherri is approaching. 3 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 31. Rick continues his story but instantly cleans up his language, sounding like a completely different person while Sherri walks by. Rick's adjustment of his behavior is based on: discrimination. 32. Binet's work advanced the science of intelligence assessment, but it also began to establish the idea that - there were smart people who could be expected to do well in a broad range of learning situations. 33. By 2026, what percentage of U.S. students is expected to come from homes in which the primary language is not English? - 25 percent 34. By engaging in this study strategy, a student identifies main ideas, then diagrams connections between them. - Concept mapping 35. Charles Spearman's conception of intelligence is that: - there is one general type of intelligence, called a g factor. 36. Consequences that weaken behavior are called: - punishers. 37. Constructivist approaches to teaching typically make extensive use of cooperative learning. Why is this? - Students understand concepts better if they can talk with each other. 38. Constructivist theories of learning are based on the idea that learners: - individually discover and transform complex information. 39. Cooperative learning methods fall into two broad categories. One category might be called group study methods. The second category is project-based learning or collaborative learning also known as: - active learning. 40. Cooperative learning methods fall into which of these two broad categories? - Study method and active learning 41. Discovery learning promotes the advantage of arousing student curiosity and motivation. Which of the following is the most commonly used form of discovery learning? - guided discovery learning where the teacher gives clues and structures portions of an activity 42. During the incubation period of problem solving teachers must avoid: - putting time pressures on students. 4 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 43. During the incubation period teachers should value: - ingenuity and careful thought. 44. Eddie is a seventh grader who knows how to break complex problems into simpler steps, how and when to skim, and how and when to read for deep understanding. What key concept of constructivist theories of learning best describes Eddie? - Self-regulated learner 45. English language learners are typically taught in the most common instructional placement, which is called: - English immersion, referred to as a "sink-or-swim" approach. 46. Failing to make decisions about which study material is most relevant to the issues at hand is one example of the disadvantages of which of the following study strategies? Underlining 47. Given a problem to solve, beginners tend to jump right into proposing solutions, while experts tend to spend time thinking about the underlying causes of the problem, and interpreting it from different perspectives. Which step in the IDEAL model are the beginners neglecting? - Define goals and represent the problem 48. Graphs, charts, and tables can lose their effectiveness for organization if they: - contain too much information. 49. High school females tend to: - underestimate their skills in language and math. 50. High school males tend to: - underestimate their skills in language and math. 51. How can teachers help their students to develop automaticity? - Be sure that certain parts of a task are practiced until they become second nature, so that more 52. concentration can be given to other parts. 53. Human beings often complain about having poor memories. This inadequacy of the memory system is primarily due to: - difficulties in gaining access to information in longterm memory. 54. In a research study, subjects were asked to count backwards by threes while trying to memorize nonsense letters. A major implication of the findings was: - interference occurs when people are unable to rehearse information in short-term memory. 5 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 55. In an English immersion placement, a student is primarily taught in the following manner: - students are taught primarily in English. 56. In Bandura's classic study on modeling, children who observed a film of an aggressive adult being punished: - engaged in fewer aggressive acts during subsequent play than did the control group. 57. In classical conditioning, the object or event that automatically elicits a behavior before the conditioning takes place is referred to as the: - unconditioned stimulus. 58. In comparing cooperative learning to traditional teaching methods, most research consistently favors cooperative learning, provided that two essential conditions are met. According to our text, there should be some group recognition and there must also be: individual accountability. 59. In conducting learning probes, a drawback of factual questions is that they: - are not effective for developing conceptual skills. 60. In cooperative scripting, the greatest gains in student performance often occur when: - the students serve as the teacher. 61. In determining the sequence of events of the elements of effective instruction, what does the first step involve? - Introduction of the skills needed for the lesson 62. In general, people who do well on tests of creative problem solving: - do not worry about making mistakes. 63. In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, which of the following best characterizes the role of the bell (or tone), prior to conditioning? - Neutral stimulus 64. In the general problem-solving strategy IDEAL, what does the A stand for? - Anticipate outcomes and act 65. In the Learning Together a model of cooperative learning, students work in: heterogeneous groups. 66. Initial-letter strategies include: - acronyms. 6 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 67. Mr. Allen's class is discussing potential solutions to world hunger. He has asked his students to come up with as many solutions to solving the world hunger problem as they can think of, no 68. matter how seemingly unrealistic. What is this problem solving process called? Brainstorming 69. Mr. Dudley is teaching a prerequisite skill for developing a business model. After students have been oriented to the lesson, Mr. Dudley's next major task is to: - check whether students have mastered prerequisite skills. 70. Mr. Grimshaw uses frequent questioning of students, calling on those who raise their hands to respond. Your textbook author would evaluate this procedure as: - limited, because students who do not volunteer will escape having to respond. 71. Mr. Overby is initiating reciprocal teaching with a group of six students of high, average, and low ability. Who should be the teacher for the first segment of learning? - Mr. Overby 72. Mr. Sains begins a lesson in chemistry by discussing the symbols for each of the elements. Part way into the lesson the teacher refers to chapters and class work the students will have in six months. At another point Mr. Sains expresses dissatisfaction with the administration's new policy regarding equipment security, which will now require more paperwork. Mr. Sains then talks about an event that took place during spring vacation. The class period ends before he finishes the lesson. What appears to be the overriding problem of Mr. Sain's lecture style? - There is a lack of clarity in the lesson presentation. 73. Mr. Sherbloom is teaching a lesson on federal law and wants to be certain students are grasping the information. Which step in a direct instruction should Mr. Sherbloom utilize to obtain a brief 74. student response to lesson content, in order to assess level of understanding and correct students' misconceptions? - Conduct learning probes. 75. Mr. Witte has been using whole-class discussion but decides to try small-group discussion. What change will Mr. Witte need to make? - Mr. Witte will need less time to prepare students for the topic to be discussed. 76. Mr. Wright uses a constructive writing process in his class. In Mr. Wright's class students work: - in small groups or teams working together. 7 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 77. Mrs. Davis calls on a student who seems unprepared to answer the question. Mrs. Davis restates the question and stays with the student, who is having difficulty responding. How would your text author evaluate this approach? - It is not a good approach because it places the student and teacher in a power struggle. 78. Ms. Eagen uses a Jigsaw II cooperative learning group activity in her language arts class. Each member of the group receives a topic on which to: - become an expert. 79. Ms. Falkenhain wants to establish a positive mental set (the attitude of readiness) in her students before beginning an important health lesson. She should try to arouse student curiosity by: - making the health concept personally relevant to students. 80. Ms. Fannin is using a reciprocal teaching approach in reading. She assigns and passage for them to read. What is the next step? - Generate questions 81. Ms. Gismegian is presenting a direct instruction lesson on verbs to her students. What is her first step? - State the learning objectives and orient students to the lesson. 82. Ms. Hurteau wants to help her students learn and retain information. Which of the following strategies to promote learning and retention of information is best supported by research? - Using embedded video lessons 83. Ms. Hurteau's eighth-grade class is using a cooperative learning strategy to discuss ramifications of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Which of the following is a specific skill Ms. Hurteau's students will need in the cooperative learning setting? - Active listening 84. Ms. LeBeau is planning to have a whole-class discussion on the effects of television violence on children. Before beginning the discussion, what should Ms. LeBeau do? Ms. LeBeau should question students about their understanding of the effects of television violence on children. 85. Ms. White, in conducting a lesson, draws attention to what students had learned previously by saying, "Yesterday we learned how to find the area of a rectangle. Who will remind us how this is done?" Ms. White believes that this brief reminder is sufficient because today's lesson-finding the area of a triangle-is a direct continuation of yesterday's. Which of the following strategies does the example reflect? - Reviewing prerequisites 86. One important principle of creative problem solving is to: - avoid rushing to a solution. 8 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 87. One key to the teaching of problem solving is providing problems that: - intrigue and engage students. 88. One of the educational implications of the sensory register is that: - without attention, information received by the senses is quickly lost, and will not be 89. remembered. 90. One study found that students in schools were a variety of cooperative learning methods in all subjects were used for a two-year period, differed from students in schools using traditional teaching approaches. How did they differ? - Students from cooperative learning schools achieved significantly more than students from 91. traditional schools. 92. Our text describes six class groupings in the United States. Which of these accurately represents the income category for the working class? - 20,000-40,000 93. Outside of school, how are we most likely to learn concepts? - By observing how others name things 94. Practices that are conducive to the academic and social growth of all students are commonly referred to as - equity pedagogy. 95. Providing students with a great deal of practice on a wide variety of problem types is essential for skill development, but practice alone is not sufficient unless the practice includes: - feedback on their solutions, and on the process by which they arrived at the solutions. 96. Research has favored cooperative learning in cases where two essential conditions are met. First, there must be some kind of recognition or small reward provided to groups that do well so that group members can see that it is in their interest to help their groupmates learn. What is the second essential condition? - Individual accountability 97. Research has not detailed the conditions in which this study strategy can increase comprehension or the retention of written material. - Underlining 98. Research on instructional pace suggests that most teachers could: - increase the pace of instruction as long as degree of understanding is not sacrificed. 9 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 99. Retention of learned material is increased when practice is spaced over time. What implication does that statement have for teachers? - Reviewing and recapitulating important information from earlier lessons enhances learning. 100. Rote learning can be characterized as: - involving arbitrary associations. 101. Schemata are believed to be organized hierarchically with: - specific information grouped under general categories. 102. Schemata consist of: - frameworks for organizing ideas in memory. 103. Semantic memory would be most directly involved in trying to remember: information from a textbook. 104. Shared norms, attitudes and ways of behaving that characterize a group of people are, collectively known as: - culture. 105. Socioeconomic Status (SES) is most often measured as: - a combination of the individual's income and years of education. 106. Students do not know when a reinforcer is coming, but know that if they continue to do their work, it will eventually appear. The students are being reinforced on what type of schedule? - Variable ratio 107. Students receive a reward every third time they score 90 percent or higher on a test. What schedule is being used to reinforce the students? - Fixed ratio 108. Studies of the Direct Instruction (DI) program have shown that it is: - effective in increasing long-term success of students at risk for low achievement. 109. Studies of the Instrumental Enrichment treatment have found that the program has positive effects on: - tests of aptitude, but generally not on achievement. 110. Studies showing the effects of schooling in raising intelligence scores support an interpretation of intelligence as: - environmentally influenced. 111. Teaching techniques that facilitate success of students from different ethnic and social groups has been defined as - equity pedagogy. 10 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 112. The academic self-concepts of African Americans, and the expectations they have of themselves, tend to be: - lower than those of their white classmates. 113. The belief behind which of the following discipline strategies is that students want to be part of the social setting? - Time out 114. The cognitive theory of learning that describes how individuals take in, work with, store, and retrieve information about the world is called: - information processing. 115. The culture of most schools in the United States tends to reflect: - middle-class values. 116. The duration of this structure of memory can last up to four seconds. - Sensory 117. The evaluation of an "explicit transfer" technique in third-grade math classes found that: - students can be taught explicitly to transfer skills to new circumstances. 118. The first phase in observational learning defined as paying attention to a model is: - attention phase. 119. The first step in multicultural education is for teachers, administrators, and other school staff to: - learn about the cultures from which their students come. 120. The four Rs in the acronym PQ4R stand for: - read, reflect, recite, and review. 121. The length of time a teacher allows a student to answer a question, before prompting or redirecting the question, is called: - wait time. 122. The overall effect of desegregation on the academic achievement of students from underrepresented groups has been: - small though positive. 123. The Premack Principle links less-desired activities to: - enjoyable activities. 124. The process of maintaining a thought in working memory is called: - rehearsal. 125. The question "What is the difference between where I am now and where I want to be?" is a critical step in: - means-ends analysis. 11 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 126. The structural bias in traditional classrooms works against lower SES and minority-group students because: - there's a mismatch between the cooperative orientation of these students, and the competitive orientation of the school. 127. The Student Teams-Achievement Division involves: - cooperative learning within small mixed ability groups. 128. The three basic categories of secondary reinforcers are: - social, activity, and token 129. This part of long-term memory is responsible for the storage of the ability and knowledge to do activities. - Procedural memory 130. This phase of memory capacity can hold up to seven items. - Short-term 131. Two students are shown a variety of tools in a woodworking class. The first one is asked to name the tools and the second is asked to indicate several possible uses of each tool. Later, they are asked to recall which tools they were shown. What would be predicted by levels-of-processing theory? - The second student will remember more tools. 132. Using humor in an introduction to a lesson is generally: - positive, because it can establish a positive learning set. 133. Vygotsky's constructivist theories are characterized by four key concepts for classroom instruction: zone of proximal development; cognitive apprenticeship; scaffolding or mediated learning; and: - social learning. 134. What changes in typical current practices are suggested by the direct teaching model described in your textbook? - Increase the frequency of testing 135. What component of STAD is designed to give each team member an equal opportunity to contribute to the team points? - Points are based on improvement rather than absolute score. 136. What has research told us about the use of cooperative learning in bilingual education programs? - This approach helps students make a successful transition to English-only instruction. 137. What is the best way for a middle-school teacher to communicate objectives to students? - State objectives at the beginning of a lesson. 12 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 138. What is the focus of operant conditioning? - The relationship between a behavior and its consequence 139. What is the name for the component of memory that holds current thoughts? Working memory 140. What is the term for considering all possibilities before trying out a solution? Suspension of judgment 141. What is the term for the process in which students identify main ideas and then diagram connections between them? - Mapping 142. What is the term used by cognitive psychologists to refer to the process of thinking about material to be learned in a way that connects the material to information or ideas already in the learner's mind? - Elaboration 143. What role should the teacher play in the classroom when using a constructivist approach? - Facilitator 144. What type of reinforcer is a gold star that a student receives as a reward for completing her homework? - Extrinsic 145. What type of reinforcer is being encountered when students enjoy taking a field trip (which is the reward itself)? - Extrinsic 146. When the senses receive stimuli, the mind immediately begins working on some of them. Therefore, the sensory images of which we are conscious are not exactly the same as what we saw, heard, or felt. Which of the following terms relates most closely to these statements? - Perception 147. Whenever students turn in their homework, a teacher rewards them with computer time. The more often they turn in their homework, the more they are allowed to use the computers. Students have been turning in their homework with increasing frequency. Thus, the computer time is serving as a(n): - reinforcer. 148. Which is most often the appropriate amount of time for a teacher to pause after asking a question before restating the question or moving on? - 3 seconds 13 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 149. Which of the following examples best illustrates removal punishment? (Assume that the undesirable behavior decreases after the consequence occurs.) - Taking away recess 150. Which of the following forms of assessment is the best example of a fixedinterval schedule? - Friday quizzes 151. Which of the following forms of test taking requires the learner to engage in highlevel processing of content and thereby enhancing memory and understanding? Constructed response 152. Which of the following ideas about direct instruction does recent research best support? - Direct instruction can be more efficient than discovery learning for conceptual development. 153. Which of the following illustrates Bandura's concept of self-regulation? - A student engages in a desired activity after judging previous work as well done. 154. Which of the following is a motivational factor that enhances students' creative problem solving by affecting their feelings? - Appropriate climate 155. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? - Money 156. Which of the following is an example of proactive inhibition? - A North American driver who is used to driving on the right side of the road has difficulty driving in England where they drive on the left. 157. Which of the following is an example of removal punishment? - Loss of recess 158. Which of the following is an example of retroactive facilitation? - After taking a music theory course, a student finds that his piano playing improves. 159. Which of the following is an example of self-regulated learning? - Assign a short task that is assessed upon completion. 160. Which of the following is the best example of reciprocal teaching? - The teacher asks a small group of students questions about material they have just read. Later, the students model the teacher's behavior, generating their own questions for the group. 14 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 161. Which of the following is the correct sequence of phases for understanding observational learning? - Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation 162. Which of the following is transfer of learning that involves the application of items taught in isolation of the classroom to a day-to-day application? - Real-life transfer of learning 163. Which of the following is true about choral responding? - It is recommended primarily for questions having only one correct answer. 164. Which of the following learning tasks and memory strategies make an appropriate match? - Serial and pegword method 165. Which of the following phrases best characterizes critical thinking? - Recognize logical inconsistencies 166. Which of the following recommendations regarding independent practice is most appropriate? - Keep the assignments fairly short 167. Which of the following reinforcement procedures would be most appropriate for the classroom? - Give immediate reinforcement when a desired behavior is observed. 168. Which of the following statements about attention is accurate? - Attention is a limited resource. 169. Which of the following statements about direct instruction is correct? - In a direct instruction lesson, teachers transmit information directly to students. 170. Which of the following statements best characterizes scaffolding? - The teacher gradually assigns the students more responsibility for their learning. 171. Which of the following statements best fits a behaviorist's conception of learning? - Learning is a change in an individual caused by experience. 172. Which of the following teaching strategies would a constructivist be most likely to advocate? - Cooperative learning 173. Which of the following terms describes the capacity of working memory? Limited 15 Educational Psychology: Unit II Practice Questions & Examples 174. Which of the following terms is defined as follows: applying unpleasant stimuli to decrease a target behavior? - Presentation punishment 175. Which of the following type of objectives is most appropriate for cooperative learning methods such as STAD? - Well-defined 176. Which of the following would be the most effective to help children engage in self-regulated learning when completing long or complex tasks? - A task completion checklist 177. Which one of the following statements applies to discovery learning? - Teachers encourage students to experiment and discover. 178. Which phase of observational learning best represents the modeling of desired behavior based on the teacher's likes and dislikes? - Retention phase 179. Which position regarding the use of intelligence scores is supported by your text author? - Teachers should be more concerned with students' actual performance than with their general intelligence. 180. Which schedule allows for a constant number of behaviors required for reinforcement? - Fixed ratio 181. Who is the primary cultural agent guiding instruction in assisted (or mediatelearning? - The teacher 182. Why is individual accountability such an essential component of cooperative learning? - One student might do the work of others 183. You are a teacher working with students from a low-income neighborhood. Based on findings from research on academic progress and SES, you should expect your students, relative to Middle-Class students of the same age, to: - to lose ground academically over the summer. 16