Psychology Unit 1 Review Questions

Unit 1 Review Questions 1. Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________. A. human development B. human thinking C. human behavior D. human society 2. Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team? A. the equipment manager B. the scorekeeper C. the team captain D. the quietest member of the team 3. Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept? A. mammals B. a triangle’s area C. gemstones D. teachers 4. An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________. A. stereotype B. concept C. script D. prototype 5. ________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences. A. Linguistic determinism B. Lexicon C. Semantics D. Syntax 6. ________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning. A. Lexicon B. Phonemes C. Morphemes D. Syntax 7. The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________. A. Lexicon B. Phonemes C. Overgeneralization D. Semantics 8. ________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language. A. Syntax B. Phonemes C. Morphemes D. Grammar 9. A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________. A. an algorithm B. a heuristic C. a mental set D. trial and error 10. A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________. A. an algorithm B. a heuristic C. a mental set D. trial and error 11. Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem? A. anchoring bias B. confirmation bias C. representative bias D. availability bias 12. Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision? A. anchoring bias B. confirmation bias C. representative bias D. availability bias 13. Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________. A. being able to recall information B. being able to create new products C. being able to understand and communicate with different cultures D. being able to see complex relationships and solve problems 14. Which of the following is not one of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences? A. creative B. spatial C. linguistic D. musical 15. Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence? A. Goleman B. Gardner C. Sternberg D. Steitz 16. When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most? A. practical B. analytical C. emotional D. creative 17. In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________. A. a group of same-age peers B. a representative sample C. children with mental disabilities D. children of average intelligence 18. The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________. A. 70 B. 130 C. 85 D. 100 19. Who developed the IQ test most widely used today? A. Sir Francis Galton B. Alfred Binet C. Louis Terman D. David Wechsler 20. The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation. A. autism and developmental disabilities B. lowered intelligence C. intellectual disability D. cognitive disruption 21. Where does high intelligence come from? A. genetics B. environment C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 22. The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________. A. nature B. nurture C. continuous development D. discontinuous development 23. Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains? A. cognitive B. psychological C. physical D. psychosocial 24. How is lifespan development defined? A. The study of how we grow and change from conception to death. B. The study of how we grow and change in infancy and childhood. C. The study of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial growth in children. D. The study of emotions, personality, and social relationships. 25. The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________. A. egocentrism B. object permanence C. conservation D. reversibility 26. Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages? A. Sigmund Freud B. Erik Erikson C. John Watson D. Lawrence Kohlberg 27. According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent? A. developing autonomy B. feeling competent C. forming an identity D. forming intimate relationships 28. Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development? A. zygote, fetus, embryo B. fetus, embryo zygote C. fetus, zygote, embryo D. zygote, embryo, fetus 29. The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ________. A. critical period B. mitosis C. conception D. pregnancy 30. What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception? A. embryo B. fetus C. zygote D. infant 31. Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________. A. gross motor skills B. fine motor skills C. large motor skills D. small motor skills 32. The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style? A. secure B. insecure avoidant C. insecure ambivalent-resistant D. disorganized 31. The frontal lobes become fully developed ________. A. at birth B. at the beginning of adolescence C. at the end of adolescence D. by 25 years old 33. Describe an event schema that you would notice at a sporting event. Clapping your hands when your sports team wins a point. 34. Explain why event schemata have so much power over human behavior. Because event schemata’s are automatic – they are informed by patterns of behaviour and pleasurable stimulation. 35. How do words not only represent our thoughts but also represent our values? Through an idea called linguistic determinism – the influence language has with way we Language is connected to our culture. 36. How could grammatical errors actually be indicative of language acquisition in children? With overgeneralization. 37. How could a specific learning disability, such as dysgraphia or dyslexia, impact a child’s educational and school experience? 38. What is functional fixedness and how can overcoming it help you solve problems? Function fixedness – a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for. Overcoming it will help solve problems by giving broader use in objects. 39. How does an algorithm save you time and energy when solving a problem? Gives you step by step instructions. 40. Describe a situation in which you would need to use practical intelligence. School shooting 41. Describe a situation in which cultural intelligence would help you communicate better. In Irish families, hospitality and telling an entertaining story are marks of the culture. If you are a skilled storyteller, other members of Irish culture are likely to consider you intelligent - how well you relate to the values of that culture. 42. Why do you think different theorists have defined intelligence in different ways? Because there are many different kinds of intelligences and different ways of measuring them – intelligence is subjective. 43. Compare and contrast the benefits of the Stanford-Binet IQ test and Wechsler’s IQ tests. Stanford Binet – 1 test of 30 problems of increasing difÏculty; mental age divided by chronological age x 100. Wechler – Different tests for children and adults allowing for the negation of chronological age and scoring altogether. 44. Describe the nature versus nurture controversy, and give an example of a trait and how it might be influenced by each? Nature - while nurture includes environment and culture. Controversy – Our unique experiences in our environment influence whether and how particular traits are expressed, and at the same time, our genes influence how we interact with our environment. 45. Compare and contrast continuous and discontinuous development. 46. Why should developmental milestones only be used as a general guideline for normal child development? 47. What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation? Provide examples of each. 48. Why was Carol Gilligan critical of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development? 49. What is egocentrism? Provide an original example. 50. What are some known teratogens, and what kind of damage can they do to the developing fetus? 51. What is prenatal care and why is it important? 52. Describe what happens in the embryonic stage of development. Describe what happens in the fetal stage of development. 53. What makes a personal quality part of someone’s personality? 54. Describe some of the newborn reflexes. How might they promote survival? 55. Compare and contrast the four parenting styles and describe the kinds of childhood outcomes we can expect with each. 56. What is emerging adulthood and what are some factors that have contributed to this new stage of development?