Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change

True / False 1.TheunitsofbehaviorarelabeledontheYaxisofagraph.  a. True  b. False ANSWER: True 2.Datapointsshouldbeconnectedacrossphaselines.  a. True  b. False ANSWER: False 3.A-Bdesignsarefrequentlyusedinbehaviormodificationresearch.  a. True  b. False ANSWER: False 4.IntheA-B-A-Breversaldesign,baselineandtreatmentareimplementedtwiceforonebehaviorofonesubject.  a. True  b. False ANSWER: True 5.PhaselabelsonagrapharetypicallyputbelowtheXaxis.  a. True  b. False ANSWER: False 6.Inamultiplebaselineacrossbehaviorsdesign,treatmentisfirstimplementedforonebehaviorofthesubjectandisthen implementedlaterforasecondbehaviorofthesamesubject.  a. True  b. False ANSWER: True 7.Afunctionalrelationshipbetweenthetreatmentandthebehaviorisdemonstratedinamultiplebaselineacrosssubjects designwhenthebehaviorofeachsubjectchangesonlyafterthetreatmentisimplementedforthatsubject.  a. True  b. False ANSWER: True 8.Inanalternatingtreatmentsdesign,thebaselineisimplementedforalongperiodoftimeandthenthetreatmentis implementedforalongperiodoftime.  a. True  b. False ANSWER: False 9.Eachdatapointonagraphshowsyouthelevelofthebehaviorataparticularpointintime.  a. True  b. False ANSWER: True 10.Whenyoudemonstratethatabehaviormodificationprocedurecausedabehaviortochange,youaredemonstratinga functionalrelationship.  a. True  b. False ANSWER: True Multiple Choice 11.Inbehaviormodification,themainwaytodocumentbehaviorchangeisthroughtheuseofa(n):  a. graph  b. questionnaire  c. interview  d. statisticalanalysis ANSWER: a 12.Thetwovariablesrepresentedonagraphare:  a. theindependentanddependentvariables  b. timeandbehavior  c. theextraneousandcontrollingvariables  d. frequencyandoutcome ANSWER: b 13.Adatapointonagraphtellsyou:  a. whenthebehaviorwasrecorded  b. thelevelofbehavior  c. whatiscausingthebehavior  d. AandB ANSWER: d 14.Thehorizontalaxisinagraphisusedtorecord:  a. behavior  b. time  c. change  d. duration ANSWER: b 15.Thelevelofthetargetbehaviorisrecordedonthe:  a. horizontalaxis  b. verticalaxis  c. x-axis  d. abscissa ANSWER: b 16.Thereare________componentsnecessaryforagraphtobecomplete.  a. four  b. six  c. eight  d. ten ANSWER: b 17.Onagraph___________isindicatedontheYaxisand________________isindicatedontheXaxis.  a. time,behavior  b. behavior,time  c. frequency,duration  d. time,treatment ANSWER: b 18.WhichofthefollowingisNOTnecessaryforagraphtobecomplete?  a. phaselines  b. datapoints  c. x-axisandy-axis  d. behaviorchange ANSWER: d 19.Averticallineonagraphindicatingachangeintreatmentiscalleda:  a. baseline  b. timeline  c. phaseline  d. treatmentline ANSWER: 20.Whichdimension(s)ofbehaviorcanbegraphed?  a. frequency  b. duration  c. intensity  d. allofthese ANSWER: 21.Inbehaviormodification,aresearchdesignisusedto:  a. determineifthetreatmentchangedthebehavior  b. controlthetargetbehavior  c. makeiteasiertochangethebehavior  d. AandB ANSWER: c d a 22.Billyhastroublesittingstillinclass,sohisteacherimplementsaprograminwhichshepraisesBillyforstayinginhis seat.Billy’ssittingbehaviorincreases,andtheteacherconcludesherpraisewasresponsible.Theteacherdoesnotrealize Billyhasstartedtakingmedicationthatcausesfatigue.Themedicationwouldbeanexampleofa(n)__________ variable.  a. independent    b. c. d. extraneous dependent behavioral ANSWER: b 23.AnA-Bdesigndoesnotdemonstrateafunctionalrelationshipbetweenthetreatmentandthetargetbehaviorbecause thereisno:  a. changeinthetargetbehavior  b. statisticaltestofsignificance  c. replication  d. validation ANSWER: c 24.Aresearcherdemonstratesthatreceivinggoldstickersforcompletingmathproblemsincreasesthenumberof problemsthatastudentfinishes.Theresearcherhasdemonstrateda_____________relationshipbetweenreceivinggold stickersandcompletingmathproblems.  a. correlational  b. functional  c. perfect  d. two-way ANSWER: b 25.Inbehaviormodification,aresearchdesigninvolves:  a. estimation  b. treatmentimplementation  c. replication  d. BandC ANSWER: 26.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcharacteristicofanA-Bdesign?  a. itisusedtocomparebaselineandtreatment  b. itisusedinappliedsettings  c. itdemonstratesafunctionalrelationship  d. itisthesimplesttypeofdesign ANSWER: d c 27.Ateacherrecordsthebitingbehaviorofachildbeforeandaftertreatmentisimplemented.Thisisanexampleofa(n) ____________design.  a. A-B-A-B  b. A-B  c. Multiple-baseline  d. Alternatingtreatments ANSWER: b 28.Whichresearchdesignisreferredtoasareversaldesign?  a. A-B  b. A-B-A-B   c. d. Multiple-baseline Changing-criterion ANSWER: 29.InanA-B-A-Bdesign,Brefersto______________andArefersto_________________.  a. baseline;assessment  b. baseline;treatment  c. treatment;baseline  d. dependentvariable;independentvariable ANSWER: 30.WhatshouldbetakenintoaccountbeforeusinganA-B-A-Bdesign?  a. Isitethicaltoremovetreatment?  b. Cantreatmentberemoved?  c. Willthelevelofbehaviorreverse?  d. allofthese ANSWER: 31.Whichofthefollowingisatypeofmultiple-baselinedesign?  a. across-subjects  b. across-staff  c. across-time  d. allofthese ANSWER: b c d a 32.Aresearcherrecordsthehairpullingbehaviorofthreedifferentchildreninaclassroomandimplementstreatmentata differenttimeforeachchild.Theresearcherisusinga(n)_____________design.  a. multiple-baseline-across-behaviors  b. multiple-baseline-across-subjects  c. alternating-treatments  d. changing-criterion ANSWER: b 33.Aresearcherisinterestedinmeasuringthehittingandscreamingbehaviorsofachild,treatingthehittingfirst,and treatingthescreaminglater.Todothis,theresearcherwouldusea(n)____________design.  a. multiple-baseline-across-settings  b. multiple-baseline-across-behaviors  c. A-B-A-B  d. alternatingtreatments ANSWER: b 34.Aresearcherrecordsachild’scryingbehaviorwhenthechildisatschoolandwhenthechildisathomeandprovides treatmentatschoolthenathome.Theresearcherisusinga(n)_____________design.  a. A-B-A-B  b. multiple-baseline-across-settings  c. changing-criterion  d. multiple-baseline-across-behaviors ANSWER: 35.Acriticalfeatureofmultiple-baselinedesignsisthat:  a. baselinesdifferinlength  b. treatmentisstaggeredovertime  c. AandB  d. noneofthese ANSWER: b c 36.Ina(n)_____________researchdesign,baselineandtreatmentconditionsareconductedinrapidsuccessionand comparedtoeachother.  a. A-B-A-B  b. multiple-baseline  c. changing-criterion  d. alternating-treatments ANSWER: d 37.Theresearchdesigninwhichthereareincreasing(ordecreasing)goallevelsforthetargetbehaviorisreferredtoas a(n)____________design.  a. alternating-treatments  b. changing-criterion  c. multiple-baseline  d. A-B-A-B ANSWER: b 38.WhichresearchdesigndoesNOTcontrolfortheeffectofconfoundingvariables?  a. A-B  b. A-B-A-B  c. changing-criterion  d. multiple-baseline ANSWER: a 39.Todeterminewhetheranewdrugdecreasesself-injuriousbehavior,theresearchermeasuresself-injuriousbehavior whilegivingasubjectthedrugonevennumbereddaysandgivingaplaceboonoddnumbereddaysfortwoweeks.Thisis anexampleofa(n)____________________design.  a. multiplebaselineacrosssettings  b. changingcriterion  c. multiplebaselineacrossbehaviors  d. alternatingtreatments ANSWER: d 40.Todeterminewhetheranewdrugdecreasesself-injuriousbehavior,theresearchermeasurestheself-injurious behaviorof3children,andthengivesthedrugtothefirstchildafteroneweek.Aftertwoweeksofbaseline,thesecond childgetsthedrugandafter3weeksofbaseline,thethirdchildgetsthedrug.Thisisanexampleofa(n)___________ design.  a. multiplebaselineacrosssubjects    b. c. d. changingcriterion multiplebaselineacrossbehaviors alternatingtreatments a ANSWER: Completion 41.A________isavisualrepresentationoftheoccurrenceofabehaviorovertime. ANSWER: graph 42.Onagraphinbehaviormodification,the_____axisshowsthelevelofthebehavior. ANSWER: Y 43.Onagraphinbehaviormodification,the_____axisshowstheunitsoftime. ANSWER: X 44.InanA-Bdesign,A=_________andB=__________. ANSWER: baseline;treatment 45.Inamultiplebaselineacrosssubjectsdesign,thereisabaselineandtreatmentphasefor__________behavior(s)of __________subject(s). ANSWER: one;twoormore 46.Inamultiplebaselineacrossbehaviorsdesign,thereisabaselineandtreatmentphasefor__________behavior(s)of __________subject(s). ANSWER: twoormore;one 47.Inamultiplebaselineacrosssettingsdesign,thereisabaselineandtreatmentphasefor________behavior(s)of _________subject(s)in__________setting(s). ANSWER: one;one;twoormore 48.Ina__________________researchdesign,baselineandtreatmentsessionsoccurinrapidsuccession. ANSWER: alternatingtreatment 49.Ina(n)__________________researchdesign,thereisabaselinephasefollowedbyatreatmentphaseandthen anotherbaselineandtreatmentphase. ANSWER: A-B-A-B 50.Ina(n)___________________researchdesign,thereisabaselineandatreatmentphaseand,inthetreatmentphase, therearedifferentcriterionlevelsforthebehavior. ANSWER: changingcriterion Subjective Short Answer 51.Priortotreatment,Jennysmokedthefollowingnumberofcigarettesonconsecutivedays;15,15,16,14,20,15,16, 17,14,20.Aftertreatment,Jennysmokesthefollowingnumberofcigarettesonconsecutivedays;10,10,8,8,6,5,4,2, 2,0,0,0,0.DrawthegraphthatshowsthefrequencyofJenny’scigarettesmokingbeforeandaftertreatment.Besureto includealloftheessentialcomponentsofacompletegraph. ANSWER: SeeFigure3.10foranexampleofanA-Bdesign. 52.DoestheA-Bdesigndemonstrateafunctionalrelationship?Whyorwhynot? ANSWER: No.Youdeterminethatafunctionalrelationshipexistswhenthetargetbehaviorchangesifandonlyifthe procedureisimplementedandtheprocessisrepeatedoneormoretimes.ThereisnoreplicationinanAB design. 53.DrawanexampleofagraphofanA-B-A-Breversaldesign. ANSWER: SeeFigure3.11foranexampleofanA-B-A-Breversaldesign. 54.Whatdoesitmeantosaythattreatmentisstaggeredinamultiplebaselinedesign? ANSWER: Whentreatmentisimplementedatdifferenttimesinamultiple-baselinedesign,wesaythattreatmentis “staggered”overtime. Days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 #ofHits 12 5 15 6 13 2 11 4 15 3 12 4 55.Dr.Allenevaluatedtheeffectsofthedrug,Ritalin,ontheaggressivebehaviorofa6-year-oldboyusinganalternating treatmentsdesign.Hemeasuredthenumberofaggressivebehaviors(hits)eachday.Healternateddaysinwhichthe drugwasgivenwithdaysinwhichthedrugwasnotgiven.Thedrugwasgivenonevennumbereddaysandthedrugwas notgivenonoddnumbereddays.Theresultswereasfollows. ANSWER: