Human Dev Exam 4

Human Dev Exam 4 1. Family systems theory: The family is a whole consisting of interrelated parts, each contributing to the whole Dynamic substages and Embedded substages 2. Dyadic Substage of family systems theory: A self-organizing system that adapts itself to changes in its members and to changes in its environment 3. Embedded substage of family systems theory: Embedded in and interacts with larger social systems neighborhood or a community 4. Dyadic Subsystem: Involves two people 5. Polyadic subsystems: Involving more than two people 6. coparenting: Ways in which two parents coordinate their parenting and function well Can involve how they coordinate different parenting styles into one, how they view punishments, rewards, freedoms, etc 7. Extended households: parents and their children live with other kin (grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc) May included blended families (step parents/siblings) 8. Changing System US Trends Part 2: More remarriages • More empty nest years • Older women are more likely than older men to live alone rather than with a spouse (36% vs. 20%) • More multigenerational families • 8% of children live with grandparents in the home, 30% expected to do sometime during childhood • Fewer caregivers of aging adults 9. Cohabitation (changing system us trends): Living with a romantic partner without being married(has been steadily increasing) 10. Changing System US Trends Part 1: More single adults, more postponed marriages, more unmarried parents, fewer children, more working mothers, more divorce, more single-parent families 11. Mothers indirect effects: If relationship with partners is close and supportive, they tend to: interact more patiently and sensitively with their babies 12. Indirect effect of fathers: If they just had a pleasant conversation with their wives, they tend to be: more supportive and engaged when they interact with their children 1/8 Human Dev Exam 4 13. Authoritative Parenting: reasonable demands, consistently enforced, with sensitivity to and acceptance of the child EX: You know the rules. No video games before homework is finished. If you finish your homework now, you can get back to your Fortnite match. If you need some help with your homework, I'm happy to help." 14. Authoritarian Parenting: Many rules and demands; few explanations and little sensitivity to child's needs and perspectives Ex: "Stop being lazy and do your homework now! We are not going to discuss this! And if I catch you on your Switch before it's done, you'll lose it for a month." 15. Permissive Parenting: Few rules and demands; children are allowed much freedom by indulgent parents Ex: You don't feel like doing homework right now? That's alright, sweetie. Maybe work on it later, okay? 16. Neglectful Parenting: Few rules and demands; parents are uninvolved and insensitive to their children's needs Ex: Doesn't care if their kid plays video games or does homework. If their child is having a hard time in school, the parent doesn't even bat an eye. They're just completely zoned out when it comes to caring for their children. 17. Family Stress Model: describes the negative effects of financial stressors on parent's mental health, parenting, and child development. • Compared with middle-class and upper-class parents Working-class parents tend to stress obedience and respect for authority • Financially stressed parents tend to be less warm and nurturant, more authoritarian, and less confident. 18. According to the family stress model, what are some of the explanations for differing parenting styles?: Financial stress Resource Investment Cultural Values and socialization goals 19. Parent effects (model of family influence): Influences run one way, from parent (particularly mother) to child 20. Child effects (model of family influence): Highlights the influences of children on their parents 21. Interactional Model (model of family influence): Recognizes that parent and child characteristics may combine in certain ways to influence development Geneenvironment interaction 22. Transactional model of family influence: Parent and child are seen as influencing one another reciprocally over time 2/8 Human Dev Exam 4 23. Parent-adolescent conflict: As adolescent nears puberty, tensions/conflicts with parents increase These are Mainly about minor matters, such as homework, chores, and disobedience Adolescents spend more time with peers 24. New parenthood: is a stressful transition Parents who cope adaptively ªHave an easy baby ªPossess positive personal qualities and coping skills ªReceive reliable support from their partners 25. middle generation squeeze: describe the situation of middle-aged adults pressured by demands from other generations (caring for children and aging parents) 26. Remote Grandparenting: Geographically and emotionally distant (don't see or talk to grandkids very often) 27. Companionate Grandparenting: Most common styleSee grandchildren frequently, enjoy activities with them 28. Involved Grandparenting: Often help with child care, give advice, and play other practical roles in their grandchildren's lives 29. Reasons for cohabitation: - Convenience Trial marriage Alternative to marriage 30. Gay and lesbian families: relationships evolve through the same stages of development as heterosexual couples. • Lesbian mothers are similar to heterosexual mothers Children have similar developmental outcomes Children are no more likely to develop homosexual or bisexual orientation 31. Couples at highest risk of divorce: Younger (20s and 30s) Married for an average of only about seven years Have young children • These couples feel their marriages lack communication, emotional fulfillment, or compatibility 32. What three criteria define the line between abnormal/normal: Statistical deviance Maladaptiveness Personal distress 33. Statistical deviance: is it statistically rare, or common? 34. Maladaptiveness: does it interfere with daily activities, school/relationships? 35. Personal distress: Is it personally upsetting 36. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): Spells out defining features and symptoms for numerous psychological disorders 3/8 Human Dev Exam 4 Most psychological disorders have many variations and many contributors Most require a number of symptoms for a minimum duration ª"Must include 5 of the following types of symptoms, including one of the first two, persistently during a 2-week period:" 37. Diathesis-Stress Model of psychopathology: Proposes that psychopathology results from the interaction over time of a predisposition or vulnerability to psychological disorder and the experience of stressful events (genetically predisposed/events trigger severity) 38. Example of diathesis-stress model: Often evolve from an interaction of diathesis and stress Interaction between genes and environment Relationship between stress and disorder is reciprocal* resilient individuals still only show mild signs even when 39. Two defining features of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Social and communication deficits ªDifficulty forming social relationships ªResponding to social cues (MUST BE VERY SPECIFIC AND LITERAL) Restricted interests and repetitive behavior ªSeek sameness and repetition ªMay become obsessed with particular objects and interests ªResist change 40. Reasons for rising ASD rates: Increased awareness Broader definition that includes the entire autistic spectrum ªIncludes Asperger Syndrome Increased diagnosis Variations in diagnostic practices 41. Brain functioning in ASD: Abnormal brain growth and connectivity Mirror neuron deficits Executive function impairments Extreme male brain 42. Effective treatments for those with ASD: Intensive and highly structured behavioral and educational programmingªApplied behavioral analysisªEarly identification and intervention is helpful 43. Externalizing Problems: Symptoms of multiple disorders Lack self-control Act out in ways that disturb other people!!*** Violate social expectations 4/8