Chapter 24 The Urinary System Key

Human Anatomy & Physiology (Amerman) Chapter 24 The Urinary System 1) Which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system? - spinal cord, spleen 2) The right kidney sits inferior to the left kidney due to the position of the liver. 3) Urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the: -Ureter 4) What is NOT a major function of the kidneys? hematopoiesis -Controlling acid-base balance. The acids and bases in the human body are always in a state Controlling water balance. The kidneys are one of the body's main ways to maintain a stable Maintaining electrolyte balance. The kidneys filter some electrolytes from the blood, return Removing toxins and waste products from the body. The kidneys filter out water-soluble... 5) Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to: - to promote formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow 6) What external covering protects the kidney from physical shock? - adipose capsule 7) The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the: - hilium 8) What are the three main regions of the kidney? - Renal cortex, Renal medulla, Renal pelvis. 9) The functional units of the kidneys are: - renal corpsule- glomerulus, bowman capsule - nephrons - Renal tubule- proximal convoluted tube, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule 10) In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located? - renal medulla 11) Urine drains from a major calyx into: - the renal pelvis 12) A glomerulus is: - a set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. 13) Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus? -Interlobular (cortical radiate) artery 14) Place these vessels in the correct order as blood flows into and through the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. efferent arteriole 4. glomerulus 5. interlobar artery 6. interlobular (cortical radiate) artery 7. renal artery 8. segmental artery 7,8, 5, 2, 6, 1, 4, 3 15) Which of the following is the capillary bed fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole? - glomerular capillaries 16) Which vessel is present in the arterial pathway but missing from the venous pathway? - segmental 17) What are the two main subdivisions of the nephron? -Renal corpuscle and renal tubule 18) Identify the structure 19) What increases the permeability of the glomerulus by making the capillaries "leaky"? -fenestrations <20) The portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the: - proximal tubule 21) Which portion of the renal tubule has a brush border created by the presence of many microvilli? - proximal tubule 22) Simple squamous epithelium is located in the: - descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle). 23) Filtrate traveling through the renal tubule travels from the thick ascending limb to the: - distal tubule 24) The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells form the: - juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). 25) What is NOT a true statement about the cortical nephrons? - their nephron loop is closely wrapped with vasa recta 26) The process of filtration occurs at the: - renal corpuscle 27) What should NOT be found in filtrate? - plasma proteins 28) Items reclaimed during tubular reabsorption are moved to the interstitial fluids and then to the: - blood 29) Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption? - Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood. 30) Fenestrated glomerular capillaries are typically impermeable to: - albumin 31) Determine the correct order of the structure of the filtration membrane from deep to superficial. - fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells, basal lamina, podocytes 32) What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min? - 125 ml 33) The main force that promotes filtration in a nephron is: - glomerular hydrostatic pressure 34) Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by: - proteins such as albumin in the blood. 35) What is net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerular capillaries, in mm Hg? - 10 mm Hg 36) The glomerular filtration rate is defined as: - the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute 37) What effect does high blood pressure have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the absence of regulatory mechanisms? - GFR will increase 38) How does the afferent arteriole vessel diameter change in order to decrease glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) and restore the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to normal? - the afferent arteriole will vasoconstrict. 39) The myogenic mechanism acts to restore glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing: A) tubular secretion of metabolic wastes. - vessel diameter 40) What do the macula densa cells regulate in their role as part of the tubuloglomerular feedback loop? - Changed in GHP 41) Jasmine has high blood pressure and an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). How does the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism restore normal pressure in her glomerulus? - the juxtaglomerular cells decrease production of renin. 42) What will NOT stimulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? - an increase in systemic blood pressure 43) What chemical is necessary for the transformation of angiotensin-1 (A-1) into active angiotensin-II (A-II)? - angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 44) Which of the following is an effect of angiotensin-II (A-II)? - A-ll promotes thirst 45) A drug that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to: - decreased blood pressure 46) What is a renal mechanism that raises systemic blood pressure? - increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular cells 47) How does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) contribute to a decrease in blood volume and systemic blood pressure? - ANP dilates the afferent arteriole and constricts the efferent arteriole. 48) Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, EXCEPT: - increase the glomerular filtration rate 49) Which of the following is NOT true about tubular reabsorption? - tubular reabsorption is entirely a passive process. 50) What is coupled with glucose reabsorption using a symporter in the early part of the proximal tubule? - sodium ions. 51) The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate: - blood pH 52) Which of the following enhances obligatory water reabsorption? - aquaporins 53) In the ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle), the: - thick segment is impermeable to water but permeable to sodium and chloride ions. 54) Where are creatinine, ammonium ions, small amounts of urea, and drugs such as penicillin - proximal tubule 55) Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the filtrate into the cells of the proximal tubule is by: secondary active transport 56) Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption? - Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone 57) Which statement is TRUE regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? - Adh increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts to water. 58) How much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24 hour period? 1.8 liters 59) Dilute urine is more likely to be produced when: - ADH release is decreased 60) What does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop? - creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption. 61) Each of the following is typical of urine EXCЕРТ: - a pH of 3.0 62) The yellow color of urine comes from the presence of: - urochrome 63) Renal clearance is defined as: - the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood. 64) Substances used to measure renal clearance should be: -filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted. 65) What is renal clearance used to estimate? - glomerular filtration rate 66) What process propels urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder in the ureters? - peristalsis 67) The trigone of the urinary bladder is created by: - the openings to the two urethral orifices and the internal urethral orifice. 68) Compared to the male urethra, the female urethra: - is shorter 69) What initiates the micturition reflex? -stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord. 70) Voluntary neural control is necessary for: - relaxation of the external urethral sphincter