Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Questions and Answers

Atp2 Final review Final exam review A&P 2 1. What is the meaning of intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal? Describe the location of the following organs relative to the peritoneum: Intraperitoneal: organs that are completely or partially enclosed by the peritoneal cavity. These organs are suspended within the peritoneal cavity by mesenteries, allowing them to move freely and slide across one another without damage. Retroperitoneal: organs that lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. These organs are xed in place and their anterior surfaces are covered by the peritoneum. Stomach: Intraperitoneal, liver: intraperitoneal, ureter: retroperitoneal, aorta: retroperitoneal, pancreas: retroperitoneal, colon (transverse): intraperitoneal, spleen: intraperitoneal, duodenum: retroperitoneal, uterus: intraperitoneal, bladder: intraperitoneal, kidney: retroperitoneal, ileum: intraperitoneal, appendix: intraperitoneal, jejenum: intraperitoneal. 2. Describe the tissues that make up serous membranes. Serous membranes, also known as serousa, line the sealed internal cavities of the trunk, such as the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. These membranes are composed of 2 main types of tissue: mesothelium: this is a layer of simple squamous epithelial cells. These cells are very thin and permeable, allowing tissue uids to diffuse onto the exposed surfaces, keeping them moist and slippery. The mesotheliums primary role is to secrete serous uid, which minimizes friction between the surfaces it covers. Areolar connective tissue: beneath the mesothelium lies a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. This tissue provides the necessary support and elasticity to the fl fl fi mesothelium, ensuring that the serous membrane can adhere rmly to the body wall and the organ it covers. Name the serous membranes at the following locations: ● Lining the outer wall of abdominal cavity: parietal peritoneum: lines the inner surface of the abdominal cavity. Visceral peritoneum: covers the surfaces of the enclosed organs. ● Serousa of the stomach: Visceral peritoneum: speci cally covers the stomach and other organs within the peritoneal cavity. ● Lining of the outer wall of the thoracic cavity: parietal pleura: lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. Visceral pleura: covers the outer surface of the lungs. ● Attached to the surface of the heart: Visceral pericardium: covers the heart. Parietal pericardium: lines the pericardial cavity. What is found between the visceral and parietal layers of a serous membrane? Serous uid a slippery uid secreted by the mesothelium that reduces friction between the visceral and parietal layers. 3. Name all the structures that food passes through from the mouth to the anus. Name the accessory structures of the G.I. Tract. ● Oral cavity (mouth): Entry point where food is ingested and mechanically processed by ● Esophagus: tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. ● Stomach: mixes and breaks down food with acids and enzymes. ● Small intestine: duodenum - rst part where most chemical digestion occurs. Jejenum - fi Pharynx (throat): passageway for food moving from the mouth to the esophagus. fl ● fi chewing. middle part where nutrient absorption continues. Ileum - nal part where absorption is completed. ● Large intestine: Cecum - receives material from the ileum. Colon - divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions. Rectum - stores feces before elimination. ● Anus: the nal exit point for waste. Accessory structures of the GI tract Accessory organs: ● Teeth: mechanical processing by chewing ● Tongue: assist with mechanical processing and sensory analysis ● Salivary glands: secrete enzymes that break down carbohydrates ● Liver: secretes bile for lipid digestion and stores nutrients ● Gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile ● Pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes and buffers 4. Describe the tissues that make up the 4 histological layers of organs in the GI, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. ● Mucosa: innermost layers consisting of: 3 parts ● Epithelium: varies by organ (simple columnar in the small intestine for absorption) ● Lamina propria: areolar tissue supporting the epithelium ● Muscularis mucosa: thin layers of smooth muscle. GI tract: fi Mucosa: simple columnar epithelium in the small intestine with villi for absorption. fi ●