Appendix C Brain

Appendix C: Brai The Brain Anterior Cingulate motivation Motor Sensory FRONTAL LOB planning PARIETAL LOBE touch & movement FRONT Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex executive & logic TEMPORAL LOBE language Olfactory Bulb smell Lateral Orbitofrontal appropriate social / emotional response BACK OCCIPITAL LOBE vision Hypothalamus the four F’s a basic emotions CEREBELLUM coordinate movement Entorhinal Complex memory Hippocampus memory BRAIN STEM body basics LIMBIC SYSTEM instincts & mood Cerebrum Cerebellum Higher brain function such as though and action. Cerebral Cortex: Layer of grey matter on the outside of the Cerebrum. Primary Cortex: Basic motor and sensory functions. Associative Cortex: Associates different types of information to do more complex processing and functions. Prefrontal Cortex: Located at the front of the brain, behind the forehead. It is part of the Cerebral Cortex. Associated with “cerebral” activities. Ex: If your instinct is to attack someone, your prefrontal cortex will think about it and tell you to walk away. Frontal Lobe: Reasoning, planning, speech production (Broca’s Area), movement, emotions, and problem solving. Temporal Lobe: Perception of auditory stimuli, memory, and language comprehension (Wernicke’s Area). Parietal Lobe: Movement, orientation, proprioception, recognition and perception of stimuli. Occipital Lobe: Visual processing. Hemispheres and Functions: Left: Language, logic, math and science, analytic thought, written, right-hand control. Right: Creativity, 3-D forms, imagination, intuition, art & music, left-hand control. Hemispheres and Emotion: Left: Positive emotions, more sociable, joyful, enthusiastic. Right: Negative emotions, socially isolated, fearful, avoidant, depressed. Motor control. Regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance. The cerebellum does not initiate mvmt, it helps control and smooth out the mvmt. Movement The cerebellum receives a motor plan from the Cerebrum and Control: compares it to position sense information from Somatosensory Neurons. It then determines if corrections are necessary. If needed, the cerebellum will tell the cerebrum to adjust the mvmt. Speech Control: Cerebellum coordinates the mouth muscles that produce speech. Damage: Damage to the cerebellum produces disorders in fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and motor learning. The damage could also impair speech enunciation or eye movement. Limbic System Sits on top of the brain stem. Hypothalamus: “Below the thalamus”. Regulates the autonomic nervous system via the endocrine system. The four Fs. Amygdala: Aggression center. Fear and anxiety. Stimulation causes more fear & anxiety. Damage causes mellow mood, and less fear; hypersexualtiy, disinhibition. Kluver-Busy Syndrome is the destruction of the amygdala. Thalamus: Sensory relay station. Hippocampus: Converts STM LTM. If damaged, new memories fail to form. Brain Stem Connects all parts of the nervous system together, including cranial nerves. Pons: Regulates waking and relaxing. Reticular Alertness and motivation. Controls autonomic functions such as Formation: circulation, respiration and digestion. Also plays a role in higher cognition functions. Medulla: Regulates the autonomic activity of the heart and lungs. Long Tracts: Collections of axons connecting the cerebrum to the spinal cord, passing through the brainstem. Upper motor neurons signaling down and somatosensory long tracts signaling up.