Biology 7: Cardiovascular System Deoxygenated Blood Pathway Tricuspid R Atrium R Ventricle Valve Mitral L Atrium L Ventricle Valve Venules Veins Oxygenated Pulmonary Pulmonary Artery Valve Aortic Aorta Valve Venae Cavae AV Node Purkinje Fiber Ventricular relaxation, SV close, blood atria #" &" Normal BP: Arterioles Capillaries Arteries: Thick, #muscular, elastic, allows for recoil and helps propel blood forward. Arterioles: Small muscular arteries. Ventricular contraction, AV valves close $%" Pulmonary Veins Capillaries: 1 cell thick endothelial wall, easy diffusion of gases (O2 CO2) and waste (NH3, urea). Blood Pressure !" All Other Arteries Vasculature Bundle of His “Stab A Big Pickle” acrostic Diastole All Other Veins R Atrium (Pacemaker) Systole Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Arteries Electrical Conduction SA Node Pulmonary Veins ventricles Maintained by baroreceptors and chemoreceptors Veins: THIN wall, inelastic. May stretch to accommodate lots of blood, but do not have recoil. Surrounding muscles help pump blood through. Contain valves. Venules: Small veins #BP Þ #ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) ¯BP Þ #Aldosterone, #ADH (vasopressin) Blood #Osmolarity Þ #ADH Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume. CO= HR,×SV - Considered a connective tissue. Erythrocytes Formed in bone marrow. No nucleus, mitochondria, or (RBCs:) organelles. Contain Hemoglobin to carry O2. Hematocrit: % of blood composed of RBCs. Blood Type Antigens: Surface proteins on RBCs Rh Factor: Rh+ is dominant. An Rh- person will only create anti-Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh+ blood Blood Type Antigens Produced Antibodies Produced Donate To Receive From A - IA A Anti-B A, AB A, O B - IB B Anti-A B, AB B, O AB - IAIB A and B None AB only A, B, AB, O (universal recipient) O-i none Anti-A and Anti-B A, B, AB, O O only (universal donor) Coagulation When the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is damaged, the collagen and tissue factor underlying the endothelial cells are exposed. Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin Clots are broken down by Plasmin Leukocytes Immune system. Formed in bone marrow. (WBCs): Granulocytes: Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils = nonspecific immunity, inflammatory reactions Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes = specific immunity, monocytes digest foreign matter (if monocytes leave bloodstream for organ they are called macrophages) Thrombocytes Cell fragments. Coagulation. (Platelets): Fluid Balance Hydrostatic Pressure: Moves fluid out of the blood vessel and into the interstitial fluid around it. Osmotic Pressure: “Sucking” pressure generated by solutes as they draw H2O into the bloodstream. Oxygen: Carried by hemoglobin. CO2: Some carried by hemoglobin, most exist in the bloodstream as bicarbonate HCO3-. Bicarbonate Buffer CO2 (g) + H2O (l)⇌H2CO3 (aq)⇌H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq) ¯pH Þ #respiration to blow off CO2 #pH Þ ¯respiration, trapping CO2