Anatomy and Physiology Exam

Exam Name___________________________________ SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Figure 4.1 Using Figure 4.1, match the following: 1) Supports and protects; stores calcium. Answer: D 2) Forms tendons and ligaments. Answer: B 3) Supports and protects; insulates against heat loss; reserve source of fuel. Answer: A 4) Provides tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock. Answer: C 5) Composed of cells in a fluid matrix. Answer: E 1 Figure 4.2 Using Figure 4.2, match the following: 6) Simple cuboidal epithelium. Answer: B 7) Cardiac muscle. Answer: C 8) Simple squamous epithelium. Answer: A 9) Stratified squamous epithelium. Answer: D 10) Skeletal muscle. Answer: E 2 MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the following: 11) The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body. Answer: C 12) The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior membrane. Answer: B A) Endothelium membrane B) Mucous C) Serous membrane D) Cutaneous 13) Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Answer: D 14) Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts. Answer: B 15) Makes up the pleura and pericardium. Answer: C 16) Lines blood vessels and the heart. Answer: A Match the following: 17) Attaches to extracellular matrix. A) Cell adhesion molecule Answer: A B) Stratified squamous 18) Found in areas subjected to wear and tear. C) Skeletal muscle Answer: B 19) Pull on bones or skin causing body movements. D) Smooth muscle Answer: C 20) Moves food through the GI tract. Answer: D 3 Match the regeneration capacity of the following tissues: 21) Smooth muscle. A) Virtually no functional regenerative ability Answer: C B) Regenerates extremely well 22) Skeletal muscle. Answer: D C) Moderate regenerative ability 23) Cardiac muscle. D) Weak regenerative ability Answer: A 24) Areolar connective tissue. Answer: B 25) Tendons and ligaments. Answer: C TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 26) The shock absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage. Answer: True False 27) The role of brown fat is to warm the body; whereas, the role of white fat is to store nutrients. Answer: True False 28) Tendons and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue. Answer: True False 29) Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues. Answer: True False 30) Goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Answer: True False 31) Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface. Answer: True False 32) Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually found in areas where secretion and absorption occur. Answer: True False 33) Epithelial cells contain both blood vessels and nerve fibers. Answer: True False 34) Elastic cartilage tissue is found in the walls of the large arteries that leave the heart. Answer: True False 35) Adipose tissue is made up of pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells. Answer: True False 4 36) Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures. Answer: True False 37) Salivary glands exhibit compound tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement. Answer: True False 38) Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes. Answer: True False 39) The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present. Answer: True False 40) A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity. Answer: True False 41) Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue. Answer: True False 42) Intercalated discs and striations are both characteristics of skeletal muscle. Answer: True False 43) A smooth muscle cell has a central nucleus but lacks striations. Answer: True False 44) Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not. Answer: True False 45) Squamous cells are flattened and scale like when mature. Answer: True False 46) Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection. Answer: True False 47) Healing of a surgical incision through the body wall will tend to increase the amount of areolar tissue. Answer: True False 48) Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands. Answer: True False 49) Blood is considered a type of connective tissue. Answer: True False 50) Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers. Answer: True False 5 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 51) Which of the following is NOT found in cartilage but is found in bone? A) organic fibers B) blood vessels C) lacunae D) living cells Answer: B 52) The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________. A) collagen fibers B) reticular fibers C) elastic fibers D) hydroxyapatite crystals Answer: A 53) What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels? A) areolar tissue C) cartilage tissue B) fibrocartilaginous tissue D) bone (osseous tissue) Answer: D 54) How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic cartilage or fibrocartilage? A) It is more vascularized. B) It allows great flexibility. C) It contains more nuclei. D) Fibers are not normally visible. Answer: D 55) The primary blast cell for bone is the ________. A) osteoblast B) chondroblast C) fibroblast D) hemocytoblast Answer: A 56) Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelia? A) Golgi apparatus B) microvilli C) lysosomes D) multiple nuclei Answer: A 57) Which of the following is a modification of the simple columnar epithelium that allows for efficient absorption along portions of the digestive tract? A) fibroblasts B) cilia C) thin and permeable D) dense microvilli Answer: D 58) A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus secreting goblet cells ________. A) aids in digestion B) lines most of the respiratory tract C) is more durable than all other epithelia D) is found in some of the larger glands Answer: B 59) Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs? A) simple squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) simple cuboidal D) simple columnar Answer: A 60) Which type of connective tissue serves as the universal packing material between other tissues? A) hyaline cartilage B) adipose C) areolar connective tissue D) reticular connective tissue Answer: C 6 61) Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of ________. A) fibers and ground substance B) cells and fibers C) ground substance and cells D) all organic compounds Answer: A 62) Which of the following is found in hyaline cartilage? A) mast cell B) chondrocyte C) macrophage D) fibroblast Answer: B 63) A substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type? A) muscle tissue B) connective tissue C) epithelial tissue D) nervous tissue Answer: C 64) The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. A) elastic B) reticular C) collagen D) muscle Answer: C 65) When utilizing a transmission electron microscope, why is it necessary to stain the specimen with heavy metal salts? A) The salts provide the three dimensional image of the specimen. B) The salts provide color to the specimen so that it can be seen. C) The salts provide greater detailing of tissue as electrons bounce off of the tissue. D) The salts are acidic and attract to the specimen. Answer: C 66) The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________. A) hyaline cartilage B) adipose tissue C) fibrocartilage D) elastic cartilage Answer: D 67) Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue? A) stratified squamous B) simple squamous C) transitional D) simple columnar Answer: D 68) Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. A) ceruminous B) endocrine C) sebaceous D) exocrine Answer: B 69) Which of the following is true about epithelia? A) Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized. B) Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. C) Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. D) Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. Answer: B 7 70) Chondroblasts ________. A) within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix B) are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae C) remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes D) never lose their ability to divide Answer: A 71) ________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. A) Transitional B) Pseudostratified columnar C) Stratified columnar D) Stratified cuboidal Answer: B 72) A many layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________. A) transitional B) simple cuboidal C) stratified squamous D) simple squamous Answer: C 73) Edema (swelling) occurs when ________. A) areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area B) reticular connective tissue invades the area C) collagen fibers enlarge as they change from dehydrated to hydrated shape D) adipose cells enlarge by pinocytosis Answer: A 74) Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? A) Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion. B) These glands are ductless. C) Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process. D) Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves. Answer: C 75) Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________. A) stroma B) flana C) intercalated discs D) myofilaments Answer: C 76) Blood vessels keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ is intact and healthy. A) simple cuboidal epithelium B) mesothelium C) endothelium D) transitional epithelium Answer: C 77) Which is true concerning muscle tissue? A) contains contractile units made of collagen C) cuboidal shape enhances function B) is a single celled tissue D) highly cellular and well vascularized Answer: D 8 78) The first step in tissue repair involves ________. A) proliferation of fibrous connective tissue B) formation of scar tissue C) inflammation D) replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells Answer: C 79) What are the three main components of connective tissue? A) ground substance, fibers, and cells C) fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts B) alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells D) collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers Answer: A 80) Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? A) When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. B) Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. C) Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures. D) Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength. Answer: D 81) Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue. A) Connective tissue does not contain cells. B) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells. C) Connective tissue cells are nondividing. D) Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. Answer: B 82) Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. A) Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot. B) Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. C) Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection. D) The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers. Answer: B 83) Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. A) Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. B) Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. C) Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. D) Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another. Answer: B 84) Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. A) Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus. B) It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. C) Its primary function is nutrient storage. D) Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. Answer: C 85) Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells? A) goblet cells B) macrophages C) fibroblasts Answer: A 9 D) mast cells 86) Which of the following is NOT a step in tissue repair? A) restoration of blood supply C) inflammation B) regeneration and fibrosis D) formation of new stem cells Answer: D 87) Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. A) reticular B) areolar C) dense regular D) embryonic Answer: D 88) Which tissue type would likely function to hold the kidneys in place? A) smooth muscle B) dense regular C) reticular D) adipose Answer: D 89) Which tissue type is formed by many cells joining together, which are multinucleated? A) skeletal muscle B) cardiac muscle C) dense regular D) smooth muscle Answer: A 90) Choose which tissue type likely functions to add support to an organ. A) stratified squamous epithelium B) hyaline cartilage C) cardiac muscle D) transitional Answer: B 91) Your instructor gives you an unknown organ for you to examine and identify through microscopy. What should you do first with the sample? A) examine it for artifacts B) stain it to enhance contrast C) fix it with preservative D) cut it into sections Answer: C 92) Choose which tissue would line the uterine (fallopian) tubes and function as a "conveyer belt" to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus. A) smooth muscle B) stratified squamous epithelium C) ciliated simple columnar epithelium D) simple cuboidal epithelium Answer: C 93) Skin, lung, and blood vessel walls have which tissue characteristic in common? A) simple squamous epithelium B) elastic fibers C) simple columnar epithelium D) reticular fibers Answer: B 94) Generally speaking, connective tissues are largely non living extracellular matrix. Which of the following is an EXCEPTION? A) adipose B) blood C) areolar D) bone Answer: A 95) The salivary glands are a good example of a ________ exocrine gland. A) simple branched alveolar B) compound alveolar C) compound tubuloalveolar D) compound tubular Answer: C 10 96) Which tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions? A) smooth muscle B) skeletal muscle C) stratified squamous D) elastic cartilage Answer: A SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 97) What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? Answer: Exocrine glands have ducts and secrete their products onto body surfaces such as the skin or into body cavities. Examples include the liver, the pancreas, mucouse, sweat, oil, and salivary glands. Endocrine glands do not have ducts, produce hormones, and secrete them directly into the extracellular space. The hormones then enter the blood or lymphatic fluid and travel to specific target organs. Examples include the pineal gland, the pituitary gland, the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. 98) Macrophage like cells are found in many different tissues, and may have specific names that reflect their location or specializations. What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage like cells? Answer: phagocytosis 99) All of the following statements refer to events of tissue repair. Put the events in proper numbered order according to the sequence of occurrence. The initial event, the injury, is already indicated as number one. 1. The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins. 2. Epithelial regeneration is nearly complete. 3. Granulation tissue is formed. 4. Blood clotting occurs and stops the blood flow. 5. The wound retracts. 6. Macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris. 7. Fibroblasts elaborate connective tissue fibers to span the break. Answer: 1, 4, 3, 7, 6, 5, 2 100) Since mature adipocytes rarely divide, how can adults gain weight? Answer: Adipocytes contain a fat filled vacuole that can fill or empty, causing the cell to gain or lose volume. Mature adipocytes are among the largest cells in the body. 101) Tendon tears or breaks are difficult to repair both physiologically and surgically. Why? Answer: Tendons are composed of dense regular connective tissue, which consists of densely packed, parallel connective tissue fibers. This type of tissue has relatively few cells and vascular supply is poor; consequently, repair is slow. Because of the structure of the tissue, surgical repair can be compared to attempting to suture two bristle brushes together. The broken ends of existing collage fibers will not reunite and can still slip past each other. Furthermore, any scar that forms has an irregular pattern with less one way strength than parallel fibers. 102) How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue? Answer: Epithelial versus connective distinctions include: tight cell packing versus wide cell spacing, avascular versus vascular (except cartilage), polar versus nonpolar orientation, no matrix versus matrix (with important fibers), limited versus numerous cell types, and surface versus subsurface purposes. 103) How can one tell the difference between stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium? Answer: The most reliable distinctions are two. Compared to stratified squamous epithelium, transitional epithelium has fewer layers (6 or less) and has more rounded surface cells when it is bunched up with more apparent layers and more likely to be mistaken for stratified squamous. 11 104) How is blood unique among connective tissues? Answer: Blood does not give mechanical support, its matrix is fluid, the cells are loose, the fibers are soluble, it carries nutrients, waste products, and other substances, and it attaches to several gases. 105) In terms of structure and function, compare the type of epithelium lining the trachea, air sacs of the lungs, and the epidermis of the skin. Answer: The trachea is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The mucus produced by the goblet cells traps dust, bacteria, and other debris and the cilia move it upwards away from the lungs. The air sacs of the lungs are lined with simple squamous epithelium that serves as a thin, efficient membrane for gas exchange between air and blood. The epidermis of the skin consists of stratified squamous epithelium which functions as physical protection against abrasion, bacteria, and drying out. 106) Explain what is meant by epithelial tissue being avascular but innervated. Answer: Epithelial tissue contains no blood vessels but is supplied by nerve fibers. ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 107) A 45 year old woman is admitted to the hospital for surgical removal of a tumor on her thyroid gland. The surgeon informs her that she will have only a very thin scar. How could this be possible? Answer: By making a sharp incision which minimizes the number of injured cells and wound defects once reapproximated, the amount of granulation (scar forming) tissue will be minimal. As the scar tissue beneath matures and contracts, very little new epithelium needs to bridge the gap. The final result may be only a fine white line. 108) John, a 72 year old grandfather, had been smoking heavily for 24 years and had a persistent cough. A biopsy of his lung tissue revealed considerable amounts of carbon particles. How could this happen considering the natural cleaning mechanism of the respiratory system? Answer: The sweeping action of the ciliated epithelium is essential in order to propel inhaled dust and other debris out of the respiratory tract. Anything that inhibits this mechanism would allow foreign substances to remain in the tract, which may cause damage. Chemicals such as nicotine may inhibit the action of the cilia, allowing carbon particles found in smoke to reach the lungs. 109) Aunt Jessie woke up one morning with excruciating pain in her chest. She had trouble breathing for several weeks. Following a visit to the doctor, she was told she had pleurisy. What is this condition and what did it affect? Answer: Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the serosal membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic wall. Pain is caused by the irritation and friction as the lungs rub against the walls of the cavity. 110) In adult humans, most cancers are carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. These include cancers of the skin, lung, colon, breast, and prostate. Which of the four basic tissue types is involved? Why do you think this is so? Answer: Epithelium gives rise to most cancers. This is probably because epithelial cells divide more, leading to more opportunity for damage to growth control mechanisms, and because epithelia are more often in contact with environmental insults such as ultraviolet radiation and carcinogens. 111) Explain why an open wound would need a bed of granulation tissue for wound healing to occur. Answer: Epithelium cannot grow across a defect without a blood supply from underlying connective tissue. Granulation tissue contains capillaries that grow in from nearby areas and first lay down the needed capillary bed. 12 112) Without macrophages, wound healing is delayed. Why? Answer: Macrophages are large, irregularly shaped cells that act as key defenders that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. This "big eater" also disposes of dead tissue cells, which helps to clean out the wound, allowing for granulation tissue to form. 113) A 62 year old woman was in a car accident and suffered severe brain damage. Will the brain be able to repair the damaged tissue to a functional level? Explain your answer. Answer: Cardiac muscle and tissues in the brain and spinal cord have virtually no functional regenerative capacity. In most cases, this tissue would be replaced by scar tissue and would remain nonfunctional. While new research is showing that unexpected cell division can sometimes occur in tissues, the chances of this occurring in the brain are very small. 114) Explain why an infection may occur in a tissue injury. Answer: The skin is the largest organ in the body and protects underlying tissues from injury by preventing the passage of microorganisms. The skin and the mucous membranes are considered the body's first line of defense. 13